斯宾诺莎善恶认知的本源逻辑与生成路径

The Origin Logic and Generative Path of Spinoza’s Understanding of Good and Evil

摘要: 斯宾诺莎的善恶价值理论并非碎片化的价值观点，而是深植于其一元化的自然整体思想框架。本文阐释了构成其善恶评判逻辑的三层理论依据：首先，基于存在论上实体与自然同一的核心主张，善恶划分的标准脱离外在超验的精神设定，以万物内在运行规律为根本准则；其次，通过批判目的论，善恶摆脱了终极目的的束缚，降格为基于个体现实生存的相对判断；最后，以“欲力”(Conatus)为本体论中介，善恶获得了具体的判定尺度，即对个体自我保存与力量拓展的促进或阻碍。本文提出，凭借这三层理论根基，斯宾诺莎剥离了价值判断对一切外在规训的依附，搭建起根植于自然客观规律、以理性为准则的价值阐释体系。

Abstract: Spinoza’s theory of good and evil values is not a fragmented value perspective, but deeply rooted in his unified natural holistic thinking framework. This article elaborates on the three theoretical foundations that constitute its logic of judging good and evil: firstly, based on the core proposition of the unity of substance and nature in ontology, the criteria for dividing good and evil are detached from external transcendent spiritual settings, taking the internal operating laws of all things as the fundamental principle; secondly, by criticizing teleology, good and evil break free from the constraints of ultimate purposes and are reduced to relative judgments based on individual reality and survival; finally, with “Conatus” as the ontological mediator, good and evil obtain a specific judgment scale, namely the promotion or hindrance of an individual’s self-preservation and power expansion. This article proposes that, through these three theoretical foundations, Spinoza removes the attachment of value judgment to all external discipline and builds a value interpretation system rooted in natural objective laws and guided by rationality.