从抽象上升到具体：《资本论》的辩证方法与当代阐释

From the Abstract to the Concrete: The Dialectical Method of Capital and Its Contemporary Interpretation

摘要: 马克思以“从抽象上升到具体”为核心辩证方法搭建《资本论》的科学体系，实现了对黑格尔唯心主义辩证法的根本超越，达成了历史、逻辑与现实的辩证统一。本文回归《资本论》原典文本，厘清该方法的科学内涵与运行逻辑，还原其从商品逻辑起点经多重要素中介最终再现资本主义生产方式整体的完整过程，并进一步选取平台经济中的数据商品化现象作为典型案例，完整演示该方法从抽象范畴出发逐步展开、把握具体经济形态内在运行机制的分析路径，挖掘其在数字经济语境下的当代阐释价值，确证其作为马克思主义回应时代课题的核心思维支撑作用。

Abstract: Using the dialectical method of “ascending from the abstract to the concrete” as its core, Marx constructed the scientific system of Capital, thereby achieving a fundamental transcendence of Hegel’s idealist dialectics and realizing the dialectical unity of history, logic, and reality. This paper returns to the original text of Capital to clarify the scientific connotation and operational logic of this method, reconstructing the complete process through which it proceeds from the logical starting point of the commodity, via multiple mediating elements, to the eventual reproduction of the capitalist mode of production as a totality. Furthermore, by selecting the phenomenon of data commodification in the digital economy as a typical case study, this paper thoroughly demonstrates the analytical pathway of this method—unfolding progressively from abstract categories to grasp the intrinsic operational mechanisms of a concrete economic form—and excavates its contemporary interpretive value within the context of the digital economy, thereby confirming its role as the core intellectual underpinning of Marxism in responding to the issues of our time.