从黑格尔、费尔巴哈到马克思的“异化”概念：理论起点、核心内涵与思想评价

From Hegel and Feuerbach to Marx’s Concept of Alienation: Theoretical Origins, Core Meaning, and Intellectual Evaluation

摘要: “异化”概念从黑格尔、费尔巴哈到马克思的演进，是一个不断进步完善的过程。黑格尔的异化基于实体即主体的能动性，具有构建性与扬弃性，是“伟大形式”与“抽象内容”的统一；费尔巴哈的异化基于人本学唯物主义，具有鲜明的人本主义色彩，但却脱离了特定的社会生产关系；马克思的异化是对二者的批判继承，将异化置于物质生产实践和社会经济关系中考察，其劳动异化理论仍是当今分析异化现象有力的思想资源。异化从精神的自我运动转变为人的现实生存困境，马克思的异化理论始终将批判根植于社会结构之中，在分析当代异化现象时，仍不失有力的解释力度。

Abstract: The concept of “alienation” has evolved from Hegel, Feuerbach to Marx, and it is a process of continuous progress and improvement. Hegel’s concept of alienation is based on the initiative of the entity (i.e., the subject), possessing constructiveness and sublimity, and is a unity of “great form” and “abstract content”; Feuerbach’s concept of alienation is based on humanistic materialism, with a distinct humanistic hue, but it has deviated from specific social production relations; Marx’s alienation is a critical inheritance of both, placing alienation under the examination of material production practice and social economic relations. His theory of labor alienation remains a powerful ideological resource for analyzing the phenomenon of alienation today. Alienation has transformed from the self-movement of the spirit to the real existential predicament of human beings. Marx’s concept of alienation always roots criticism in social structure, and when analyzing contemporary phenomena of alienation, it still retains strong explanatory power.