退役动力电池再生利用的碳足迹与生命周期评价研究进展

Research Progress on Carbon Footprint and Life Cycle Assessment of Retired Power Battery Recycling

摘要: 动力电池在新能源汽车全生命周期碳排放中占比较高，其原材料获取与正极材料制造是主要排放来源，再生利用被视为削减电池碳足迹的重要途径。本文以生命周期评价(LCA)为分析框架，梳理再生利用碳足迹研究的方法学要点，比较物理预处理、火法冶金、湿法冶金、直接再生和截断式湿法等技术路线的碳排放特征，分析电池化学体系、用能结构、回收率和再生材料替代等关键影响因素，并对照中国与欧盟在电池碳足迹核算和再生利用方面的政策与标准进展。研究表明，再生利用相对原生材料生产具有明显减排潜力，但量化结果受系统边界、分配方法和本地化清单数据影响较大，差异显著。未来应推进核算方法统一、本地化数据库建设和低碳工艺优化，并加强标准互认，以充分释放再生利用的减排价值。

Abstract: Power batteries account for a large share of the life-cycle carbon emissions of new energy vehicles, and raw material acquisition and cathode material production are the dominant emission sources; recycling is therefore regarded as an important pathway to reduce the battery carbon footprint. Within the framework of life cycle assessment (LCA), this paper reviews the methodological essentials of carbon footprint studies on battery recycling, compares the carbon emission characteristics of technology routes including physical pretreatment, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, direct regeneration and truncated hydrometallurgy, analyzes key influencing factors such as battery chemistry, energy structure, recovery rate and secondary material substitution, and examines policy and standard developments on battery carbon footprint accounting and recycling in China and the European Union. Studies show that recycling has evident emission reduction potential relative to primary material production, but the quantitative results are strongly affected by system boundaries, allocation methods and localized inventory data, leading to considerable discrepancies. Future efforts should promote harmonized accounting methods, localized life-cycle database development and low-carbon process optimization, and strengthen mutual recognition of standards, so as to fully realize the emission reduction value of battery recycling.