《资本论》视域下货币转化为商品过程中的多重对立

Multiple Oppositions in the Transformation of Money into Commodities from the Perspective of Capital

摘要: 《资本论》中的货币转化为商品(G-W)是资本循环的起始环节，包含着尚未被充分系统揭示的多重对立。本文将G-W环节拆解为货币资本与雇佣工人、雇佣工人与商品形式的生活资料、私有财产与异化劳动等多重对立关系分别加以分析，并揭示其共同基础在于人的因素(劳动力)与物的因素(生产资料和生活资料)在资本条件下的特殊分离形式。这几组对立并非孤立并存，而是在“长期分离–暂时结合”的动态运动中相互建构，贯穿资本主义历史发展的各个方面。以平台零工经济为例，多重对立在新的时代背景下也并未消除，而是以更个体化、被遮蔽的新形态扩大与加剧。对G-W环节的多重对立的理论分析，能够为理解当代资本主义的新形态提供一个来自经典文本的系统性视角。

Abstract: The transformation of money into commodities (G-W) in Capital is the initial stage of the circuit of capital, containing multiple oppositions that have not yet been fully and systematically revealed. This paper decomposes the G-W phase into multiple pairs of opposing relationships—between money capital and wage laborers, between wage laborers and means of subsistence in the commodity form, and between private property and alienated labor—and analyzes each separately. It reveals that the common basis of these oppositions lies in the specific form of the separation between the human factor (labor-power) and the material factors (means of production and means of subsistence) under capitalist conditions. These groups of oppositions do not exist in isolation; rather, they are mutually constituted through the dynamic movement of “long-term separation and temporary union”, running through every aspect of the historical development of capitalism. Taking the platform-based gig economy as an example, these multiple oppositions have not been eliminated under the new conditions of the era, but are instead expanded and intensified in more individualized and obscured new forms. A theoretical analysis of the multiple oppositions within the G-W phase can thus provide a systematic perspective derived from this classic text for understanding the new forms of contemporary capitalism.