康德“物自体”概念与老子道家思想的会通及出入

The Connection and Differences between Kant’s Concept of “Thing-in-Itself” and Laozi’s Taoist Thought

摘要: 在康德批判哲学体系中，“物自体”作为贯通认识论与实践论的核心枢纽，具备超离感性直观、不可被知性范畴规定的先验特质；回溯先秦道家原典，老子之“道”同样具备超验不可觉知的本体属性，二者皆承担联通形上思辨与世俗实践的理论功能。现阶段海内外围绕康德哲学与道家思想的比较研究，普遍存在以西释中强行附会、原典训释缺位、跨范畴阐释缺乏理论自省、固化中西思想二元对立等研究局限。本文立足文本训诂释义，采取问题史平行对照的研究路径，梳理“物自体”生成脉络与义理内涵，拆解老子“道”多层次哲学意蕴；审慎反思西方本体论范畴的阐释边界，双向比照二者思想会通与义理分歧，厘清中西超验哲学的思维分野，以期推进传统道家思想的现代哲学阐释，搭建平等审慎的中西哲学对话路径。

Abstract: In Kant’s critical philosophical system, the “thing-in-itself” acts as the core nexus connecting epistemology and practical philosophy, possessing transcendental characteristics that transcend sensible intuition and cannot be defined by categories of understanding. Tracing back to the original texts of pre-Qin Daoism, Laozi’s “Dao” likewise bears transcendent and unperceivable ontological attributes, and both concepts serve the theoretical function of linking metaphysical speculation and mundane practice. Current comparative studies on Kantian philosophy and Daoist thought at home and abroad generally suffer from limitations such as forcing Chinese ideas into Western interpretive frameworks, insufficient exegesis of original texts, lack of theoretical self-reflection in cross-category interpretation, and rigid binary opposition between Chinese and Western philosophies. Based on textual exegesis, this paper adopts a parallel comparative approach of problem history to sort out the theoretical origin and connotation of the “thing-in-itself” and unpack the multi-layered philosophical implications of Laozi’s “Dao”. It cautiously reflects on the interpretive boundaries of Western ontological categories, conducts a two-way comparison of their theoretical convergences and conceptual divergences, and clarifies the thinking divides between Chinese and Western transcendent philosophies. This research aims to advance the modern philosophical interpretation of traditional Daoist thought and establish an equal and rigorous dialogue framework for Chinese and Western philosophy.