东西方自然哲学的核心差异与当代融合路径

The Core Differences between Eastern and Western Natural Philosophy and Contemporary Integration Paths

摘要: 自然哲学作为人类认知自然、定位自身的核心思想载体，深刻塑造了东西方文明的发展轨迹与人与自然的互动模式。本文以文献研究法与比较研究法为核心，系统梳理东西方自然哲学的起源基础与核心内核，深入剖析二者的核心差异、历史局限与当代互补性。研究发现，东方自然哲学以五行论为起源，以“天人合一”为核心自然观，强调整体归纳与和谐共生；西方自然哲学源于古希腊伊奥尼亚派的元素本原说，以“天人相分”为核心，注重理性还原与利用。二者在认知逻辑、价值导向与实践影响上存在显著差异，但亦具有鲜明的当代互补性：东方的和谐内核可修正西方人类中心主义的倾向，西方的理性精神能弥补东方思想的不足之处。基于此，本文提出构建现代自然观应实现“天人合一”和谐内核与“天人相分”理性精神的交流互鉴，立足现代意义上的人类中心主义，在尊重自然规律的基础上发挥人的主体性，为当代生态危机的化解与人类社会的可持续发展提供思路。

Abstract: As the core ideological carrier for humankind to perceive nature and define self‑positioning, natural philosophy has profoundly shaped the developmental trajectories of Eastern and Western civilizations as well as the interaction modes between humans and nature. Adopting literature‑based research and comparative research as primary methods, this paper systematically sorts out the origins and core connotations of Eastern and Western natural philosophy, and conducts an in‑depth analysis of their pivotal discrepancies, historical limitations and contemporary complementarity. The research indicates that Eastern natural philosophy originated from the Five‑Elements Theory and centers on the view of “harmony between human and nature”. It lays emphasis on holistic induction and harmonious coexistence. Western natural philosophy derives from the elemental ontology of the Ionian School in ancient Greece, takes the “separation of human and nature” as its core, and prioritizes rational reduction and the exploitation of nature. Marked disparities exist between the two traditions in cognitive logic, value orientation and practical influences, while they feature prominent contemporary complementarity. The harmony‑oriented essence of Eastern thought can rectify the anthropocentric tendency of Western philosophy, and Western rational spirit can make up for the deficiencies in Eastern ideology. Accordingly, this paper proposes that the construction of a modern view on nature ought to realize exchanges and mutual learning between the harmonious essence of “harmony between human and nature” and the rational spirit of “separation of human and nature”. On the basis of modern anthropocentrism, humans should exert subjectivity while abiding by natural laws, so as to provide insights into resolving contemporary ecological crises and achieving the sustainable development of human society.