论冯友兰四境界说中“觉解”的跨越难题

The Problem of Transcendence of “Juejie” in Feng Youlan’s Theory of Four Realms

摘要: 冯友兰的四境界说以“觉解”为动力，试图实现从自然境界、功利境界、道德境界、到天地境界的逐级跨越。然而，在从道德境界跃升至天地境界的过程中，“觉解”面临困境：作为理性认知的“觉解”无法把握“宇宙大全”这一不可对象化的整体。文章通过分析“觉解”的内涵和局限，指出道德境界与天地境界之间存在从“主客二分”到“万物一体”的根本断裂，进而探讨冯友兰引入“负的方法”以解决这一跨越难题的尝试，并揭示这一解决方案内在的结构性张力。

Abstract: Feng Youlan’s Theory of Four Spiritual Realms takes “understanding (juejie)” as the driving force, attempting to achieve progressive transcendence from the Natural Realm, the Utilitarian Realm, the Moral Realm to the Universal Realm. Nevertheless, “understanding” encounters a predicament in the leap from the Moral Realm to the Universal Realm. As rational cognition, “understanding” cannot grasp the “great whole of the universe”, an inobjectifiable totality. By analyzing the connotation and limitations of “understanding”, this paper identifies an essential rupture between the Moral Realm and the Universal Realm—the shift from subject-object dichotomy to the unity of all things. It further explores Feng Youlan’s attempt to resolve this difficulty of transcendence by introducing the negative method.