《起源》视野下私有制的历史产生及其哲学逻辑——基于两种生产理论的分析

The Historical Emergence of Private Ownership and Its Philosophical Logic from the Perspective of The Origin—An Analysis Based on the Theory of Two Kinds of Production

摘要: 恩格斯在《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》一书中，以唯物史观为根本方法论，结合摩尔根关于原始社会的实证研究，系统阐释了私有制并非人类社会的永恒形态，而是生产力发展与社会分工演进到特定历史阶段的必然产物。本文以文本为核心，梳理私有制从原始氏族公有制中孕育、发展并最终确立的历史过程，揭示其背后生产力与生产关系矛盾运动的哲学逻辑，阐明私有制的历史必然性与历史暂时性，深化对历史唯物主义所有制理论、社会发展规律理论的理解，为认识社会形态的历史转型与所有制变革提供理论参照。

Abstract: In The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, Engels adopts historical materialism as his fundamental methodology. Drawing on Morgan’s empirical research on primitive societies, he systematically elaborates that private ownership is not an eternal form of human society, but an inevitable product arising when the development of productive forces and the evolution of social division of labour reach a specific historical stage. Centered on textual analysis, this paper sorts out the historical process through which private ownership gestates, develops and ultimately takes shape out of the communal ownership of primitive clans. It uncovers the philosophical logic underlying the contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production, expounds the historical inevitability and transience of private ownership, deepens the understanding of historical materialist theories of ownership and laws of social development, and provides a theoretical reference for understanding the historical transformation of social formations and changes in ownership systems.