“挤压”与“重塑”：四川乡村学校撤并中的县域教师队伍生态变迁研究

“Squeeze” and “Reshaping”: The Ecological Changes of County-Level Teaching Staff during the Consolidation of Rural Schools in Sichuan Province

摘要: 乡村学校撤并是我国县域基础教育布局调整的核心政策工具，其对乡村教育核心主体——教师队伍产生的系统性影响，是乡村教育治理与教育经济学领域的核心研究议题。文章以教育生态系统理论为依托，构建“微观个体发展–中观群体结构–宏观治理体系”的三维分析框架，选取四川省平原、丘陵、山区、民族地区四类典型县域开展田野调查，系统剖析乡村学校撤并进程中县域教师队伍生态的双重变迁逻辑。研究发现，乡村学校撤并对县域教师队伍生态形成“挤压”与“重塑”的双向效应，既在微观、中观、宏观层面引发教师队伍发展的多重失衡困境，也同步推动了教师专业发展升级、队伍结构优化与县域教师治理体系的现代化转型。研究进一步揭示了双重变迁背后的内在作用机制，并提出县域教师队伍良性生态的重构路径，以期为乡村振兴背景下西部乡村教师队伍建设提供理论参考与实践依据。

Abstract: The consolidation of rural schools serves as a core policy instrument for adjusting the spatial layout of basic education at the county level in China. Its systematic impact on the teaching workforce—the primary stakeholders in rural education—has become a central research topic in the fields of rural educational governance and economics of education. Grounded in Educational Ecosystem Theory, this paper constructs a three-dimensional analytical framework encompassing “micro-level individual development,” “meso-level group structure,” and “macro-level governance system.” Through field investigations across four typical county-level regions in Sichuan Province (plains, hilly areas, mountainous regions, and ethnic minority areas), this study systematically analyzes the dual logic of ecological changes in the county-level teaching workforce during the school consolidation process. The findings reveal that the consolidation exerts a bidirectional effect of both “squeezing” and “reshaping” on the teaching workforce ecosystem. While it induces multiple imbalances and dilemmas in teacher development across micro, meso, and macro levels, it simultaneously drives the upgrading of teachers’ professional development, the optimization of workforce structure, and the modernization of the county-level teacher governance system. Furthermore, this paper uncovers the underlying mechanisms driving these dual transitions and proposes pathways for reconstructing a healthy teaching workforce ecosystem at the county level. This study aims to provide theoretical references and practical implications for building rural teaching teams in western China against the backdrop of rural revitalization.