湿地生态退化机制及其修复路径的研究进展

Research Progress on the Mechanism of Wetland Ecological Degradation and Its Restoration Pathways

摘要: 湿地是全球最重要的生态系统类型之一，在水文调节、碳氮循环、生物多样性维持以及区域生态安全中发挥着不可替代的作用。然而，受农业围垦、水文工程建设、城镇扩张及气候变化等多重因素叠加影响，全球湿地面积与生态功能持续退化，湿地生态系统结构简化、功能失衡和环境效应增强等问题日益突出。在此背景下，湿地生态修复逐渐成为生态学与环境科学领域的研究热点，并由早期以工程措施为主的修复模式，向以过程机制和系统功能恢复为导向的综合修复转变。本文基于近年来国内外相关研究成果，系统梳理了湿地退化的主要驱动机制，重点从水文过程改变、土壤理化与生物地球化学性质退化、生物群落结构失衡以及气候变化背景下的复合扰动等方面，总结了不同类型湿地退化的共性规律与关键限制因子。在此基础上，围绕湿地生态修复技术的研究进展，重点评述了水体与水文过程修复、湿地土壤修复以及动植物群落恢复等主要技术路径，综合分析了典型国际案例及其生态效应。未来湿地修复研究需进一步强化长期监测与机制解析，将全球变化背景下的适应性管理、生物地球化学过程调控以及生态系统服务综合评估纳入统一框架，以提升湿地生态修复的科学性与可持续性。

Abstract: Wetlands are among the most critical ecosystems globally, playing an irreplaceable role in hydrological regulation, carbon and nitrogen cycling, biodiversity maintenance, and regional ecological security. However, under the combined effects of multiple factors such as agricultural reclamation, hydrological engineering, urban expansion, and climate change, global wetland areas and ecological functions continue to decline. Issues such as the simplification of wetland ecosystem structures, functional imbalances, and intensified environmental impacts have become increasingly prominent. Against this backdrop, wetland ecological restoration has gradually emerged as a research hotspot in ecology and environmental science, shifting from early restoration models dominated by engineering measures toward integrated approaches oriented toward restoring process mechanisms and ecosystem functions. Based on recent research achievements both domestically and internationally, this paper systematically reviews the main driving mechanisms of wetland degradation. It summarizes the common patterns and key limiting factors of different types of wetland degradation, focusing on alterations in hydrological processes, degradation of soil physicochemical and biogeochemical properties, imbalances in biological community structures, and compound disturbances in the context of climate change. Furthermore, the research progress in wetland ecological restoration technologies is discussed, emphasizing key technical pathways such as water and hydrological process restoration, wetland soil remediation, and the restoration of plant and animal communities. Typical international case studies and their ecological effects are comprehensively analyzed. Future research on wetland restoration should further strengthen long-term monitoring and mechanistic analysis, integrating adaptive management under global change, regulation of biogeochemical processes, and comprehensive assessments of ecosystem services into a unified framework to enhance the scientific rigor and sustainability of wetland ecological restoration.