“房地一体”原则下宅基地使用权继承问题研究

A Study on the Inheritance of Rural Homestead Use Rights under the “Integrated Real Estate” Principle

摘要: 宅基地使用权是具有身份属性的用益物权，其能否继承尤其是非集体成员能否继承，在理论与实践中均存在争议。当前面临法律规则缺失、裁判标准不一、地方做法各异等困境。学界主要存在否定继承、自由继承与限制继承三种学说，但均未能充分协调“房地一体”原则与宅基地身份性、“一户一宅”政策之间的根本矛盾。本文认为，应在“房地一体”原则下重新界定权利性质：宅基地使用权本身不能作为个人遗产继承。符合申请条件的本集体成员继承人，可视为通过继承实现了资格权的分配，其权利仍为宅基地使用权；而非成员或已有宅基地的成员继承人，其因继承房屋而占有宅基地的权利，应明确转化为有偿、有期限的集体建设用地使用权。此路径既可维护宅基地制度的保障功能，又能保障继承人的合法财产权益，并为司法与实践提供统一规则。

Abstract: The right to use homestead land is a usufructuary right with personal attributes. Whether it can be inherited, especially for non-members of the collective, remains controversial both theoretically and practically. Currently, it faces challenges such as the lack of legal regulations, inconsistent judicial standards, and varying local practices. There are three theories in the academic circle, which are negative inheritance, free inheritance and restricted inheritance, but none of them can fully coordinate the fundamental contradiction between the principle of “house and land as one” and the policy of “one family one homestead”. This paper proposes that the nature of rights should be redefined under the principle of “house and land as one”: the right to use homestead land cannot be inherited as personal property. Eligible collective members may inherit through inheritance, thereby obtaining the right to use homestead land. For non-members or members with existing homesteads, their right to occupy homestead land through inherited houses should be explicitly converted into a paid, time-limited right to use collective construction land. This approach not only preserves the protective function of the homestead system but also safeguards the legal property rights of heirs, while providing unified rules for judicial and practical application.