近海水下小型模块化反应堆技术选择调研分析

Investigation and Analysis of Technical Selection for Offshore Underwater Small Modular Reactor

摘要: 本研究旨在为未来10~20年近海水下高安全性和高经济性小型模块化反应堆的技术路线选择提供参考。从13个反应堆技术中筛选出5个反应堆，与采用常规布置设计的小型模块化压水堆进行了比较分析。按照同等条件下核动力装置的体积和重量从小到大依次为：基于俄罗斯SVBR-100技术的铅–铋快堆、新型有机盐冷却堆、革新超热沸水堆、基于LSBWR技术的沸水堆、一体化压水堆。此外，分析了三种动力循环特点：冷凝式SCO₂动力循环、再压缩SCO₂动力循环和紧凑型蒸汽朗肯循环。研究表明，与传统分散式压水堆相比，上述五种类型的反应堆及其安全系统和动力循环所需的总体布置尺寸相对较小；其中有机盐冷却堆和沸水堆的经济性较好。

Abstract: This work examines the most viable nuclear technology options for future underwater designs that would meet high safety standards as well as good economic potential, for construction in the future 10~20 years. The top five concepts selected from a survey of 13 nuclear technologies were compared to a small modular pressurized water reactor (PWR) designed with a conventional layout. In order of smallest to largest primary system size where the reactor and all safety systems are contained, the top five designs were: a lead-bismuth fast reactor based on the Russian SVBR-100, a novel organic cooled reactor, an innovative superheated water reactor, a boiling water reactor based on Toshiba’s LSBWR, and an integral PWR featuring compact steam generators. A similar study on potential attractive power cycles was also performed. A condensing and recompression supercritical CO₂ cycle and a compact steam Rankine cycle were designed. It was found that the hull size required by the reactor, safety systems and power cycle can be significantly reduced with the top five designs compared to the conventional PWR. Based on the qualitative economic consideration, the organic cooled reactor and boiling water reactor designs are expected to be the most cost effective options.