差异易感性个体的注意偏向性
Attention Bias of Susceptible Individuals
摘要: 差异易感性理论指儿童对环境影响的敏感性存在差异，其中一些易感性个体不仅对积极环境更敏感而且更易受到消极环境的影响。这种差异性对于个体的注意偏向存在影响，它可能会影响个体对于事物的注意偏好，也会对注意修改产生影响。本文基于注意偏向，探讨了差异易感性个体对环境敏感的内部机制。
Abstract: The theory of differential susceptibility refers to differences in children’s sensitivity to environ-mental impacts, and some of these susceptible individuals are not only more sensitive to positive environments, but also more susceptible to negative environments. This difference has an impact on the individual’s attentional bias, which may affect the individual’s attention to things, and also affect the attention bias modification. Based on attention bias, this paper discussed the internal mechanism of environmental sensitivity of different susceptible individuals.
文章引用：李喜乐 (2021). 差异易感性个体的注意偏向性. 心理学进展, 11(2), 519-526. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2021.112058

参考文献

[1] 高鑫, 丁碧蕾, 冯姝慧, 邢淑芬(2018). 父母心理控制和儿童消极情绪性对学前儿童问题行为的共同作用: “素质-压力”还是“差别易感性”. 心理发展与教育, 34(1), 28-37.[CrossRef] 
[2] 刘爱书, 王春梅(2014). 童年期心理虐待对情绪面孔注意偏向的影响. 心理科学, 37(2), 335-341.
[3] 史娟, 李朝旭, 张永慧, 王大林, 彭博雅(2014). 癌症患者对情绪信息的注意偏向特点.中国临床心理学杂志, 22(2), 223-227.
[4] 张润竹, 赵一萌, 秦荣彩, 王振宏(2018). 学前儿童迷走神经活动与情绪反应、情绪调节及冲动性的关系. 心理发展与教育, 34(1), 1-9.[CrossRef] 
[5] 张卫, 甄霜菊(2013). 发展可塑性的个体差异——基因与环境的交互作用. 华南师范大学学报(社会科学版), (5), 106-111.
[6] Acevedo, B., Aron, E., Pospos, S., & Jessen, D. (2018). The Functional Highly Sensitive Brain: A Review of the Brain Circuits Underlying Sensory Processing Sensitivity and Seemingly Related Disorders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 373, Article ID: 20170161.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Alexandre, H., Rudi, D. R., Koster, E. H. W., & Pierre, P. (2013). The (Neuro)Cognitive Mechanisms behind Attention Bias Modification in Anxiety: Proposals Based on Theoretical Accounts of Attentional Bias. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 119.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Anderson, A. K. (2005). Affective Influences on the Attentional Dynamics Supporting Awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 258-281.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] Aron, E. N., & Aron, A. (1997). Sensory-Processing Sensitivity and Its Relation to Introversion and Emotionality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 345-368.[CrossRef] 
[10] Aron, E. N., Aron, A., & Davies, K. M. (2005). Adult Shyness: The Interaction of Temperamental Sensitivity and an Adverse Childhood Environment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 181-197.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Aron, E. N., Aron, A., & Jagiellowicz, J. (2012). Sensory Processing Sensitivity: A Review in the Light of the Evolution of Biological Responsivity. Personality and Social Psy-chology Review, 16, 262-282.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2011). Differential Susceptibility to Rearing Environment Depending on Dopamine-Related Genes: New Evidence and a Me-ta-Analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 39-52.[CrossRef] 
[13] Bar-Haim, Y. (2010). Attention Bias Modification (ABM): A Novel Treatment for Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 51, 859-870.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L. et al. (2007). Threat-Related Attentional Bias in Anxious and Nonanxious Individuals: A Meta-Analytic Study. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 1-24.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Bashey, F. (2006). Cross-Generational Environmental Effects and the Evolution of Offspring Size in the Trinidadian Guppy Poecilia reticulata. Evolution, 60, 348-361.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[16] Beevers, C. G., Ellis, A J., Wells, T. T., & McGeary, J. E. (2010). Serotonin Transporter Gene Promoter Region Polymorphism and Selective Processing of Emotional Images. Biological Psychology, 83, 260-265.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Belsky, J. (1997). Variation in Susceptibility to Environmental Influence: An Evolutionary Argument. Psychological Inquiry, 8, 182-186.[CrossRef] 
[18] Belsky, J., Jonassaint, C., Pleuss, M., Stanton, M., Brummett, B., & Williams, R. (2009). Vulnerability Genes or Plasticity Genes? Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 746-754.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Bishop, S. (2009). Trait Anxiety and Impoverished Prefrontal Control of Attention. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 92-98.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Booth, C., Standage, H., & Fox, E. (2015). Sensory-Processing Sensitivity Moderates the Association between Childhood Experiences and Adult Life Satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 24-29.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological Sensitivity to Context: I. An Evolutionary-Developmental Theory of the Origins and Functions of Stress Reactivity. Development & Psychopathology, 17, 271-301.[CrossRef] 
[22] Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M., Alkon, A., Tschann, J. M., Adams, S., Chesterman, B. et al. (1995). Psychobiologic Reactivity to Stress and Childhood Respiratory Illnesses: Results of Two Prospective Studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 411-422.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Conradt, E., Measelle, J., & Ablow, J. C. (2013). Poverty, Problem Behavior, and Promise: Differential Susceptibility among Infants Reared in Poverty. Psychological Science, 24, 235-242.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Davis, M., & Whalen, P. J. (2001).The Amygdala: Vigilance and Emotion. Molecular Psychiatry, 6, 13-34.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Dix, T., & Yan, N. (2014). Mothers’ Depressive Symptoms and Infant Negative Emotionality in the Prediction of Child Adjustment at Age 3: Testing the Maternal Reactivity and Child Vulnerability Hypotheses. Development and Psychopathology, 26, 111-124.[CrossRef] 
[26] Eisenberg, N., Sulik, M. J., Spinrad, T. L., Edwards, A., Eggum, N. D., Liew, J. et al. (2012). Differential Susceptibility and the Early Development of Aggression: Interactive Effects of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Environmental Quality. Developmental Psychology, 48, 755-768.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Eisenberg, N., Taylor, Z. E., Widaman, K. F., & Spinrad, T. L. (2015). Externalizing Symptoms, Effortful Control, and Intrusive Parenting: A Test of Bidirectional Longitudinal Relations during Early Childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 953-968.[CrossRef] 
[28] Fox, E., & Beevers, C. G. (2016). Differential Sensitivity to the Environment: Contribution of Cognitive Biases and Genes to Psychological Wellbeing. Molecular Psychiatry, 21, 1657-1662.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Fox, E., Cahill, S., & Zougkou, K. (2010). Preconscious Processing Biases Predict Emotional Reactivity to Stress. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 371-377.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Fox, E., Lester, V., Russo, R., Bowles, R. J., Pichler, A., & Dutton, K. (2000). Facial Expressions of Emotion: Are Angry Faces Detected More Efficiently? Cognition and Emotion, 14, 61-92.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Fox, E., Russo, R., & Dutton, K. (2002). Attentional Bias for Threat: Evidence for Delayed Disengagement from Emotional Faces. Cognition and Emotion, 16, 355-379.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Fox, E., Zougkou, K., Ridgewell, A., & Garner, K. (2011). The Serotonin Transporter Gene Alters Sensitivity to Attention Bias Modification: Evidence for a Plasticity Gene. Biological Psychiatry, 70, 1049-1054.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Geisler, F. C. M., Kubiak, T., Siewert, K., & Weber, H. (2013). Cardiac Vagal Tone Is Associated with Social Engagement and Self-Regulation. Biological Psychology, 93, 279-286.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[34] Gibb, B. E., Schofield, C. A., & Coles, M. E. (2009). Reported History of Childhood Abuse and Young Adults’ Information-Processing Biases for Facial Displays of Emotion. Child Maltreatment, 14, 148-156.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Hakamata, Y., Lissek, S., Bar-Haim, Y., Britton, J. C., Fox, N., Leibenluft, E. et al. (2010). Attention Bias Modification Treatment: A Meta-Analysis towards the Establishment of Novel Treatment for Anxiety. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 982-990.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Hankin, B. L., Nederhof, E., Oppenheimer, C. W., Jenness, J., Young, J. F., Abela, J. R. et al. (2011). Differential Susceptibility in Youth: Evidence That 5-HTTLPR × Positive Parenting Is Associated with Positive Affect “For Better and Worse”. Translational Psychiatry, 1, e44.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Hariri, A. R., Mattay, V. S., Tessitore, A., Kolachana, B., Fera, F., Goldman, D. et al. (2002). Serotonin Transporter Genetic Variation and the Response of the Human Amygdala. Science, 297, 400-403.
[38] Homberg, J. R., & Lesch, K. P. (2011). Looking on the Bright Side of Serotonin Transporter Gene Variation. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 513-519.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[39] Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K., & Sen, S. (2011). The Serotonin Transporter Promoter Variant (5-HTTLPR), Stress, and Depression Meta-Analysis Revisited: Evidence of Genetic Moderation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 444-454.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[40] Klein, T. A., Neumann, J., Reuter, M., Hennig, J., Von Cramon, D. Y., & Ullsperger, M. (2007). Genetically Determined Differences in Learning from Errors. Science, 318, 1642-1645.
[41] Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., Moscardino, U., Nocentini, A., Pluess, K., & Pluess, M. (2019). Sensory Processing Sensitivity and its Association with Personality Traits and Affect: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Research in Personality.[CrossRef] 
[42] Lonsdorf, T. B., Weike, A. I., Nikamo, P., Schalling, M., Hamm, A. O., & Ohman, A. (2009). Genetic Gating of Human Fear Learning and Extinction. Psychological Science, 20, 198-206.[CrossRef] 
[43] Macleod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L. (2002). Selective Attention and Emotional Vulnerability: Assessing the Causal Basis of Their Association through the Experimental Manipulation of Attentional Bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 107-123.[CrossRef] 
[44] Markus, H. (1977). Self-Schemata and Processing Information about the Self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63-78.[CrossRef] 
[45] Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2002). Selective Orienting of Attention to Masked Threat Faces in Social Anxiety. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 40, 1403-1414.[CrossRef] 
[46] Nocentini, A., Menesini, E., & Pluess, M. (2018). The Personality Trait of Environmental Sensitivity Predicts Children’s Positive Response to School-Based Antibullying Intervention. Clinical Psychological Science, 6, 848-859.[CrossRef] 
[47] Obradović, J., & Boyce, W. T. (2009). Individual Differences in Behavioral, Physiological, and Genetic Sensitivities to Contexts: Implications for Development and Adaptation. Developmental Neuroscience, 31, 300-308.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[48] Obradović, J., Bush, N. R., Stamperdahl, J., Adler, N. E., & Boyce, W. T. (2010). Biological Sensitivity to Context: The Interactive Effects of Stress Reactivity and Family Adversity on Socioemotional Behavior and School Readiness. Child Development, 81, 270-289.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[49] Pigliucci, M. (2007). Do We Need an Extended Evolutionary Synthesis? Evolution, 61, 2743-2749.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[50] Pischek-Simpson, L., Boschen, M., Neumann, D., & Waters, A. (2009). The Development of an Attentional Bias for Angry Faces Following Pavlovian Fear Conditioning. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 322-330.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[51] Pluess, M., & Belsky, J. (2010). Differential Susceptibility to Parenting and Quality Child Care. Developmental Psychology, 46, 379-390.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[52] Pluess, M., & Boniwell, I. (2015). Sensory Processing Sensitivity Predicts Treatment Response to a School-Based Depression Prevention Program: Evidence of Vantage Sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 40-45.[CrossRef] 
[53] Putnam, S., Ellis, L., & Rothbart, M. K. (2001). The Structure of Temperament from Infancy through Adolescence. In A. Eliasz, & A. Angleitner (Eds.), Advances/Proceedings in Research on Temperament (pp. 165-182). Germany: Pabst Scientist Publishers.
[54] Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (1999). Motivation and Reward. Science, 304, 233-241.
[55] Slagt, M., Dubas, J. S., van Aken, M. A., Ellis, B. J., & Deković, M. (2018). Sensory Processing Sensitivity as a Marker of Differential Susceptibility to Parenting. Developmental Psychology, 54, 543-558.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[56] Stein, T., Zwickel, J., Ritter, J., Kitzmantel, M., & Schneider, W. X. (2009). The Effect of Fearful Faces on the Attentional Blink Is Task Dependent. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 104-109.[CrossRef] 
[57] Van der Graaff, J., Meeus, W., de Wied, M., van Boxtel, A., van Lier, P., & Branje, S. (2016). Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Moderates the Relation between Parent-Adolescent Relationship Quality and Adolescents’ Social Adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 269-281.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[58] Wickens, J. R., Horvitz, J. C., Costa, R. M., & Killcross, S. (2007). Dopaminergic Mechanisms in Actions and Habits. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 8181-8183.[CrossRef] 
[59] Windhorst, D. A., Mileva-Seitz, V. R., Linting, M., Hofman, A., Jaddoe, V. W. V., & Verhulst, F. C. et al. (2015). Differential Susceptibility in a Developmental Perspective: drd4 and Maternal Sensitivity Predicting Externalizing Behavior. Developmental Psychobiology, 57, 35-49.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[60] Yates, A., Ashwin, C., & Fox, E. (2010). Does Emotion Processing Require Attention? The Effects of Fear Conditioning and Perceptual load. Emotion, 10, 822-830.[CrossRef] [PubMed]