风险预防：现代法律的方法论或原则？——以刑法学为视角的研究

Risk Prevention: Methodology or Basic Principle of Modern Law?—Research from the Perspective of Criminal Law

摘要: 随着研究的深入，风险预防理论的适用范围拓展至刑法领域。考虑到该理论的特性及刑法的立场，将其作为原则适用于刑法领域更为妥当。相较于古典刑法的结果本位主义，采用风险预防原则更有利于应对风险社会的挑战，实现国家对公众安全的保护，强化刑法的一般预防效果。风险预防原则只能在环境犯罪、恐怖主义犯罪等侵犯国家、社会等超个人法益的范围内适用，对于纯粹侵犯个人法益的行为，不能采取该原则进行规制。同时，风险需具备向现实危险转化的可能性，对于完全不可能转化成现实危险的风险，刑法应保持谦抑性。风险预防措施的制定与采取需严格遵循比例原则，力求达到权利保护与人权保障的动态平衡。

Abstract: With the deepening of research, the scope of application of the risk prevention theory has expanded to the field of criminal law. Considering the characteristics of this theory and the stance of criminal law, it is more appropriate to apply it as a principle in the field of criminal law. Compared with the result-based approach of classical criminal law, adopting the principle of risk prevention is more conducive to addressing the challenges of a risk society, realizing the state’s protection of public safety, and strengthening the general preventive effect of criminal law. The principle of risk prevention can only be applied within the scope of crimes that infringe upon supra personal legal interests such as the state and society, including environmental crimes and terrorist crimes. It cannot be used to regulate acts that purely infringe upon individual legal interests. At the same time, risks must possess the potential to transform into actual dangers. For risks that are completely impossible to transform into actual dangers, criminal law should maintain its modesty. The formulation and adoption of risk prevention measures must strictly follow the principle of proportionality, striving to achieve a dynamic balance between rights protection and human rights safeguards.