企业数据财产权利的证成及其制度构建

The Certification and Institutional Construction of Enterprise Data Property Rights

摘要: 现行法律框架下主要依赖《反不正当竞争法》对商业秘密的保护模式，不足以全面覆盖和有效保障企业数据权益。企业数据不应直接赋权给个人，而应归企业所有。劳动财产权理论、激励理论及效益最大化理论，均能证成企业数据财产权利。在此基础上，应构建数据财产权的权能体系，包括排他权、使用权、收益权和处分权。应设计数据登记制度，采用数据登记要件主义，确保数据权利的公示与公信力，同时强调数据登记机构应进行实质审查以维护登记的准确性。立法上应明确界定数据财产权利，构建与我国国情相符的数据权利体系，以推动数字经济健康发展。

Abstract: The current legal framework mainly relies on the protection model of trade secrets under the Anti Unfair Competition Law, which is insufficient to comprehensively cover and effectively protect the data rights and interests of enterprises. Enterprise data should not be directly empowered to individuals, but should belong to the enterprise. The theories of labor property rights, incentives, and maximizing benefits can all prove the data property rights of enterprises. On this basis, a power system for data property rights should be established, including exclusive rights, usage rights, revenue rights, and disposal rights. A data registration system should be designed, adopting the principle of data registration requirements to ensure the publicity and credibility of data rights, while emphasizing that data registration agencies should conduct substantive reviews to maintain the accuracy of registration. Legislation should clearly define data property rights and establish a data rights system that is in line with China’s national conditions to promote the healthy development of the digital economy.