功绩社会下现代旅游的哲学审视——基于韩炳哲对现代性的批判理论

A Philosophical Examination of Modern Tourism in the Meritocratic Society—Based on Byung-Chul Han’s Critical Theory of Modernity

摘要: 基于韩炳哲对现代性的批判理论，围绕“现代性”这一个中心，通过对包括特种兵式旅游、打卡旅游、旅游疲劳综合症在内的国内旅游新认识、新实践、新反思进行讨论，开展现代旅游的哲学审视。在韩炳哲的批判理论中，现代社会是一个新自由主义下的功绩社会。现代主体将“奴隶主”纳入自身内部，实现了“奴隶”与“奴隶主”的合二为一。由此，全面统治、持续剥削与无处可逃诠释着现代主体的困境。在这一困境下，神圣世界与世俗世界同时消亡，并被由功绩逻辑主宰的“苍白的世界”所取代。旅游与游客也随之异化，表现为其自身产品的同质化与功绩化、游客的表演式呈现与自拍成瘾，以及以“点赞”为核心的自恋式满足与社会互动需求的主导化。

Abstract: Based on Byung-Chul Han’s critical theory of modernity, and focusing on “modernity”, the philosophical examination of modern tourism is conducted through the discussion of new understandings, practices, and reflections on domestic tourism, including special forces-style tourism, box-ticking tourism, and tourist fatigue syndrome. In Byung-Chul Han’s critical theory, modern society is characterized as a meritocratic society under neoliberalism. The modern subject incorporates the “slaveholder” within itself, realizes the combination of “slave” and “slaveholder”. Consequently, total domination, continuous exploitation, and no-way-to-escape illustrate the predicament of the modern subject. As a result, the plight of the modern subject is characterized by total domination, continuous exploitation and no-way-to-escape. Under this predicament, the holy world and the secular world have simultaneously disappeared and been replaced by a “pale world” dominated by the logic of merit. Tourism and tourists have also been alienated, manifesting their own products’ homogenization and meritocracy, the tourists’ performative presentations and selfie addictions, and the narcissistic satisfaction centering on “likes” and the domination of the need for social interaction.