乐观的研究现状与展望
The Research Status and Prospects of Optimism
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2017.74060, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 1,800  浏览: 2,388 
作者: 杨玉洁, 鄢梦茹：西南大学心理学部，重庆
关键词: 乐观；积极影响；应对方式；认知偏差；Optimism； Positive Effect； Coping Style； Perceptual Bias
摘要: 在过去几十年，乐观成为积极心理学领域的研究焦点之一。乐观是个体对未来持有的积极期望，持有这一积极信念的个体即使在困境中也能看到事物的积极面，付出持续努力，最终获得好的结果。大量研究表明乐观能够带来诸多益处，这可能与乐观者的应对方式或知觉偏差有关。未来研究应：深入研究乐观的认知特点；探索乐观的前因变量以及提高乐观水平的方式；最后应注意乐观可能带来的消极影响。
Abstract: In the past decades, optimism has become a research focus in the field of Positive Psychology. As a positive expectation for future, optimism makes people look at the positive side of things and keep trying to get good results even they are in trouble. Lots of researches have shown that optimism is beneficial in many life domains. It may relate to the coping style or the perceptual bias of optimists. Future research should focus on the cognitive structure and the antecedents of optimism, finding ways to help people become more optimistic, and concerning the side effects of optimism.
文章引用：杨玉洁, 鄢梦茹 (2017). 乐观的研究现状与展望. 心理学进展, 7(4), 490-497. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2017.74060

参考文献

[1] 陈瑞君(2012). 不同情境中乐观偏差及其影响因素. 博士论文, 西南大学, 重庆.
[2] 陶沙(2006). 乐观, 悲观倾向与抑郁的关系及压力, 性别的调节作用. 心理学报, 38(6), 886-901.
[3] 温娟娟, 郑雪(2011). 大学生气质性乐观, 解释风格与主观幸福感的关系研究. 心理研究, 4(5), 90-96.
[4] Ahrens, A. H., & Haaga, D. A. (1993). The Specificity of Attributional Style and Expectations to Positive and Negative Affectivity, Depression, and Anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 83-98.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172742
[5] Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2014). Dispositional Optimism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 293-299.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.003
[6] Davidson, K., & Prkachin, K. (1997). Optimism and Unrealistic Optimism Have an Interacting Impact on Health-Promoting Behavior and Knowledge Changes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 617-625.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167297236005
[7] Ebrecht, M., Hextall, J., Kirtley, L. G., Taylor, A., Dyson, M., & Weinman, J. (2004). Perceived Stress and Cortisol Levels Predict Speed of Wound Healing in Healthy Male Adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 798-809.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00144-6
[8] Geers, A. L., Wellman, J. A., & Lassiter, G. D. (2009). Dispositional Optimism and Engagement: The Moderating Influence of Goal Prioritization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 913-932.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014830
[9] Gibson, B., & Sanbonmatsu, D. M. (2004). Optimism, Pessimism, and Gambling: The Downside of Optimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 149-160.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203259929
[10] Glaesmer, H., Rief, W., Martin, A., Mewes, R., Brähler, E., Zenger, M., & Hinz, A. (2012). Psychometric Properties and Population-Based Norms of the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R). British Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 432- 445.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02046.x
[11] Heinonen, K., Räikkönen, K., Scheier, M. F., Pesonen, A. K., Keskivaara, P., Järvenpää, A. L., & Strandberg, T. (2006). Parents’ Optimism Is Related to Their Ratings of Their Children’s Behaviour. European Journal of Personality, 20, 421- 445.
https://doi.org/10.1002/per.601
[12] Hingle, M. D., Wertheim, B. C., Tindle, H. A., Tinker, L., Seguin, R. A., Rosal, M. C., & Thomson, C. A. (2014). Optimism and Diet Quality in the Women’s Health Initiative. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114, 1036-1045.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.12.018
[13] Hmieleski, K. M., & Baron, R. A. (2009). Entrepreneurs’ Optimism and New Venture Performance: A Social Cognitive Perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 473-488.
https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2009.41330755
[14] Karademas, E. C., Kafetsios, K., & Sideridis, G. D. (2007). Optimism, Self-Efficacy and Information Processing of Threat- and Well-Being-Related Stimuli. Stress and Health, 23, 285-294.
https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1147
[15] Neff, L. A., & Geers, A. L. (2013). Optimistic Expectations in Early Marriage: A Resource or Vulnerability for Adaptive Relationship Functioning? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 38-60.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032600
[16] Nes, L. S., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2006). Dispositional Optimism and Coping: A Meta-Analytic Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 235-251.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_3
[17] Peters, M. L., Vieler, J. S., & Lautenbacher, S. (2016). Dispositional and Induced Optimism Lead to Attentional Preference for Faces Displaying Positive Emotions: An Eye-Tracker Study. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11, 258-269.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1048816
[18] Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (1984). Causal Explanations as a Risk Factor for Depression: Theory and Evidence. Psychological Review, 91, 347.
[19] Peterson, C., & Vaidya, R. S. (2001). Explanatory Style, Expectations, and Depressive Symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 1217-1223.
[20] Peterson, C., Seligman, M. E., & Vaillant, G. E. (1988). Pessimistic Explanatory Style Is a Risk Factor for Physical Illness: A Thirty-Five-Year Longitudinal Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 23-27.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.23
[21] Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, Coping, and Health: Assessment and Implications of Generalized Outcome Expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219-247.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219
[22] Schou, I., Ekeberg, Ø., & Ruland, C. M. (2005). The Mediating Role of Appraisal and Coping in the Relationship between Optimism-Pessimism and Quality of Life. Psycho-Oncology, 14, 718-727.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.896
[23] Schweizer, K., & Koch, W. (2001). The Assessment of Components of Optimism by POSO-E. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 563-574.
[24] Segerstrom, S. C. (2001). Optimism and Attentional Bias for Negative and Positive Stimuli. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1334-1343.
https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672012710009
[25] Segerstrom, S. C. (2006). How Does Optimism Suppress Immunity? Evaluation of Three Affective Pathways. Health Psychology, 25, 653-657.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.5.653
[26] Seligman, M. E., & Schulman, P. (1986). Explanatory Style as a Predictor of Productivity and Quitting among Life Insurance Sales Agents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 832-838.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.832
[27] Seligman, M. E., Kaslow, N. J., Alloy, L. B., Peterson, C., Tanenbaum, R. L., & Abramson, L. Y. (1984). Attributional Style and Depressive Symptoms among Children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 93, 235.
[28] Sharot, T., Kanai, R., Marston, D., Korn, C. W., Rees, G., & Dolan, R. J. (2012). Selectively Altering Belief Formation in the Human Brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109, 17058-17062.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205828109
[29] Sharot, T., Korn, C. W., & Dolan, R. J. (2011). How Unrealistic Optimism Is Maintained in the Face of Reality. Nature Neuroscience, 14, 1475-1479.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2949
[30] Sharot, T., Riccardi, A. M., Raio, C. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2007). Neural Mechanisms Mediating Optimism Bias. Nature, 450, 102-105.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06280
[31] Smith, T. W., Ruiz, J. M., Cundiff, J. M., Baron, K. G., & Nealey-Moore, J. B. (2013). Optimism and Pessimism in Social Context: An Interpersonal Perspective on Resilience And risk. Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 553-562.
[32] Solberg Nes, L., Evans, D. R., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2009). Optimism and College Retention: Mediation by Motivation, Per-formance, and Adjustment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 1887-1912.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009.00508.x
[33] Srivastava, S., McGonigal, K. M., Richards, J. M., Butler, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2006). Optimism in Close Relationships: How Seeing Things in a Positive Light Makes Them So. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 143-153.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.143
[34] Szondy, M. (2004). Optimism and Immune Functions. Mentalhigiene es Pszichoszomatika, 5, 301-320.
https://doi.org/10.1556/Mental.5.2004.4.2
[35] Tindle, H. A., Chang, Y. F., Kuller, L. H., Manson, J. E., Robinson, J. G., Rosal, M. C. et al. (2009). Optimism, Cynical Hostility, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality in the Women’s Health Initiative. Circulation, 120, 656-662.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.827642