儿童戈谢病骨损害的临床特征及治疗分析
The Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Analysis of Bone Damage in Children with Gaucher Disease
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2021.1112846, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 347  浏览: 432 
作者: 步晓洁*, 刘欣琳:青岛大学,山东 青岛 ;王艳华:青岛市妇女儿童医院感染科,山东 青岛;赵艳霞#, 孙立荣:青岛大学附属医院儿童血液肿瘤科,山东 青岛
关键词: 戈谢病骨损害酶替代治疗Gaucher Disease Bone Damage Enzyme Replacement Therapy
摘要: 目的:探讨伴有骨损害的儿童戈谢病患者的临床特征及治疗情况,提高对儿童戈谢病骨并发症的认识。方法:回顾性分析青岛大学附属医院自2000年3月至2021年3月收治的8例伴骨损害的儿童戈谢病患者的临床资料,讨论其临床特征及治疗情况。结果:8例戈谢病患者骨损害的临床表现多样,其中5例伴有骨痛症状,1例出现骨质疏松且存在脆性骨折史,1例儿童股骨骨质密度不均匀;4例患者确诊后即进行酶替代治疗,其中1例进行酶替代治疗半年后因经济原因停药4年后恢复酶替代治疗;1例确诊后间隔2月开始进行酶替代治疗;1例确诊后半年进行酶替代治疗;1例确诊后1年进行酶替代治疗;1例确诊后3年进行酶替代治疗。对8例患者酶替代治疗前后的血红蛋白及血小板的变化进行分析,数据分析发现治疗前血红蛋白组与治疗后血红蛋白组的差异、治疗前血小板组与治疗后血小板组的差异均具有统计学意义。结论:戈谢病骨损害的临床表现多样,常见的临床表现有骨痛、骨质疏松、骨折、骨坏死、骨畸形。酶替代疗法可以避免骨骼损害情况进一步加重,有助于恢复血红蛋白及血小板水平,是治疗戈谢病的关键。针对伴骨损害的戈谢病患者,临床医师可结合患者自身病情特点建议进行个体化治疗,必要时可进行骨科手术治疗。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment of gaucher disease in children with bone damage, and to improve the understanding of bone complications of gaucher disease in children. Methods: The clinical data of 8 children with gaucher disease with bone damage admitted to the affiliated hospital of Qingdao University from March 2000 to March 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, and their clinical characteristics and treatment were discussed. Results: The clinical manifestations of bone damage were varied in 8 gaucher disease patients, including 5 patients with bone pain, 1 patient with osteoporosis and brittle fracture history, and 1 child with uneven femoral bone density. Four patients received enzyme replacement therapy immediately after diagnosis, one of them discontinued the enzyme replacement therapy six months later for economic reasons, and resumed enzyme replacement therapy after 4 years of discontinuation.1 case received enzyme replacement therapy 2 months after diagnosis, 1 case received enzyme replacement therapy 6 months after diagnosis, 1 case received enzyme replacement therapy 1 year after diagnosis, one patient underwent enzyme replacement therapy 3 years after diagnosis. The changes of hemoglobin and platelet in 8 patients before and after enzyme replacement therapy were analyzed. Data analysis showed that the difference between the hemoglobin group before treatment and the hemoglobin group after treatment were statistically significant, the difference between the platelet group before treatment and the platelet group after treatment were statistically significant. Conclusion: The clinical manifestations of bone damage in gaucher disease are diverse, the common clinical manifestations include bone pain, osteoporosis, fracture, osteonecrosis, bone deformity. Enzyme replacement therapy can avoid further aggravation of bone damage and help to restore hemoglobin and platelet levels, which is the key to the treatment of gaucher disease. For gaucher disease patients with bone damage, clinicians can recommend individualized treatment based on the characteristics of patients’ own conditions, and orthopedic surgery can be performed when necessary.
文章引用:步晓洁, 王艳华, 刘欣琳, 赵艳霞, 孙立荣. 儿童戈谢病骨损害的临床特征及治疗分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(12): 5723-5728. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.1112846

1. 引言

戈谢病是一种常染色体隐性遗传的溶酶体贮积疾病 [1]。戈谢病患者常会出现肝脏肿大、脾脏肿大、骨骼损害等临床表现 [2]。本研究总结8例伴骨损害儿童戈谢病患者的临床资料,分析患者的临床特征及治疗情况,以期提高对戈谢病骨并发症的认识。

2. 一般资料与研究方法

2.1. 一般资料收集

收集青岛大学附属医院自2000年3月至2021年3月收治的8例伴骨损害的儿童戈谢病患者的临床资料,所有患者均确诊为戈谢病且伴有骨痛症状或影像学检查显示骨受累,其中男6例,女2例。本研究已获得儿童患者家属的知情同意及伦理许可。

2.2. 研究方法

收集青岛大学附属医院自2000年3月至2021年3月收治的8例伴骨损害儿童戈谢病患者的临床资料,其中男6例,女2例,分析其临床特征及治疗情况,应用SPSS 26.0软件分析戈谢病患者治疗前后的血红蛋白及血小板变化。

3. 结果

Table 1. Bone lesion characteristics of 8 children with gaucher disease

表1. 8例儿童戈谢病患者的骨损害特征

Table 2. Changes of hemoglobin and platelet in 8 children with gaucher disease before and after treatment

表2. 8例儿童戈谢病患者治疗前后的血红蛋白、血小板变化

3.1. 临床特征

8例戈谢病患者均伴有骨损害,骨损害的临床表现多样,1例儿童存在骨质疏松、脆性骨折史,1例儿童股骨骨质密度不均匀;5例伴有骨痛症状,其中1例因呼吸衰竭死亡。

3.2. 治疗选择及治疗效果

8例伴骨损害的戈谢病患者具体临床特征见表1所示。3例患者确诊后即进行酶替代治疗,且中途未间断酶替代治疗,其中1例伴骨痛患者目前骨痛症状较前缓解,2例无骨痛症状患者骨影像学检查提示骨损害较前未进一步加重。1例患者确诊后即进行酶替代治疗,进行酶替代治疗半年后因经济原因停药,停药期间进行脾脏切除术,停药4年后恢复酶替代治疗,因患儿未及时、规律用药,故骨痛症状未明显缓解,且患儿恢复用药时已处于戈谢病终末期,伴有明显的缺氧症状,因前期中断酶替代治疗,酶替代治疗未能改变患儿结局,最终因呼吸衰竭死亡。1例确诊后间隔2月开始进行酶替代治疗,病初伴有骨痛症状,目前骨痛症状缓解;1例确诊后半年进行酶替代治疗,骨影像学检查提示骨损害较前未进一步加重;1例确诊后1年进行酶替代治疗,病初伴有骨痛症状,目前骨痛症状缓解,骨影像学检查提示骨损害较前未进一步加重;1例确诊后3年进行酶替代治疗,病初伴有骨痛症状,目前骨痛症状缓解,骨影像学检查提示骨损害较前未进一步加重。1例骨质疏松患者与1例股骨骨质密度不均匀患者进行补钙等对症治疗。5例骨痛患者因疼痛程度较轻未进行止痛、理疗等治疗。

4. 讨论

戈谢病患者骨损害发生率较高 [3],本研究8例患者均在确诊后才出现骨痛症状或骨影像学检查发现骨受累。磁共振检查是评估戈谢病患者骨髓浸润的最佳方法,可以全面显示骨髓浸润的各个阶段,确诊戈谢病后应仔细询问骨相关情况,针对可疑部位进行详细检查,及早发现骨病变并进行治疗可最大程度降低骨损害对戈谢病患者生活的影响。骨影像学检查未发现异常的戈谢病患者也应定期检查骨情况。

戈谢细胞在骨骼内沉积,破坏并取代正常的骨组织,严重者可累及全身骨骼。任何年龄段的戈谢病患者均可普遍存在骨量减少的情况 [4]。本研究8例戈谢病患者中3例未测骨密度,3例骨密度正常,1例骨密度低,1例股骨骨质密度不均匀。经酶替代治疗,补钙等治疗后2例骨密度异常的患者骨密度情况较前好转。

戈谢病会导致骨痛、骨坏死、骨畸形、残疾等,严重影响生活质量。骨坏死常见于股骨头、颈部、肱骨近端、胫骨和椎骨。骨坏死患者常伴有急、慢性骨痛,可出现突然发生的局部疼痛、红肿或发热,甚至发展为无菌性骨髓炎 [5]。本研究8例戈谢病患者无骨坏死情况发生。戈谢病累及脊柱时可出现骨骼畸形,严重影响患儿的生活质量。本研究8例戈谢病患者无骨畸形情况发生。

戈谢病骨骼系统并发症会导致患儿生长发育迟缓 [6] [7],严重影响患儿的生存质量 [8] [9]。有研究表明30%至80%的儿童、青少年起病的戈谢病患者会出现生长发育障碍 [10]。本研究8例患者中1例存在明显的生长发育障碍,患儿9岁,身高118 cm,体重18.6 kg,身高、体重均位于中国同地区、同年龄、同性别儿童生长发育曲线的第3百分位以下,皮质醇、促肾上腺皮质激素、甲功5项(游离三碘甲腺原氨酸、游离甲状腺素、醋甲状腺激素、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体)检测均正常。骨影像学检查提示股骨密度不均匀,25-羟基维生素D 8 ng/ml (正常值20~32 ng/ml),应用维D钙咀嚼片、阿法骨化醇软胶囊进行对症治疗,后患儿出现肺部受累,因呼吸衰竭死亡。

戈谢病的基本治疗目标是消除或改善症状,预防不可逆性并发症,改善整体健康状况,提高生存质量。酶替代治疗是治疗戈谢病的关键 [11]。美国食品药品监督管理局于1994年批准了葡萄糖脑苷脂酶用于戈谢病的酶替代治疗 [12]。国内最常用的是伊米苷酶,伊米苷酶能够显著缩小患者的肝脾体积,恢复血红蛋白及血小板水平 [13] [14],为I型戈谢病治疗的标准方法 [15]。收集本研究8例戈谢病患者酶替代治疗前后的血红蛋白值及血小板值,见表2,应用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析,计量资料进行正态性检验,均符合正态分布,组间比较采用配对样本t检验,P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。治疗前血红蛋白组和治疗后血红蛋白组配对样本t检验分析显示P < 0.01,结果提示治疗前血红蛋白组与治疗后血红蛋白组的差异具有统计学意义,治疗前血小板组和治疗后血小板组配对样本t检验分析显示P < 0.05,结果提示治疗前血小板组与治疗后血小板组的差异具有统计学意义。可见酶替代治疗有助于恢复血红蛋白及血小板水平。有研究表明葡萄糖鞘氨醇水平与患者临床症状的严重程度相关,可作为一种戈谢病诊断和随访治疗的血浆标志物 [16] [17] [18] [19] [20],酶替代治疗后血浆葡萄糖鞘氨醇水平降低,间接表明酶替代治疗有效。

酶替代疗法对骨骼的作用较血液系统、肝脏、脾脏等明显延迟,经过规范治疗,通常需要1至2年才能缓解血液及脏器损害症状,而骨髓病变的逆转需要更长时间而且骨坏死、骨折等骨骼改变不可逆,及时进行酶替代治疗仍是戈谢病患者维持骨骼健康、改善骨密度的重要治疗方法。

5. 结论

戈谢病常见的骨损害有骨痛、骨质疏松、骨畸形、骨坏死等。酶替代疗法可以防止骨骼损害情况进一步加重,有助于恢复血红蛋白及血小板水平,是治疗戈谢病的关键。针对骨损害的患者,临床医师可结合患者自身病情特点建议进行个体化治疗,必要时可进行骨科手术治疗。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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