新生儿早发型败血症抗生素合理使用的研究进展
Research Progress on Rational Use of Antibiotics in Neonatal Early-Onset Septicemia
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.123300, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 283  浏览: 473 
作者: 陈丽萍, 包 蕾*:重庆医科大学附属儿童医院新生儿科,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆
关键词: 新生儿早发型败血症抗生素Neonate Early-Onset Septicemia Antibiotics
摘要: 新生儿败血症是指新生儿期细菌或真菌侵入血液导致的全身炎症反应综合征,早发型败血症一般发病时间 ≤ 3日龄。尽管这些年我国在新生儿管理方面获得了很大的进步,但新生儿早发型败血症仍然是新生儿发病和死亡的主要原因之一,尤其是早产儿和低出生体重儿。抗生素的治疗有效地降低了其死亡率,同时抗生素的不合理使用也可能带来不良预后,如新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎、晚发型败血症、死亡等,故对新生儿早发型败血症进行合理的抗生素治疗显得尤为重要。下文将对新生儿早发型败血症的抗生素使用方面的研究进行探讨。
Abstract: Neonatal septicemia refers to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by bacteria or fungi invading the blood during the neonatal period. The general onset time of early-onset septicemia is less than 3 days old. Although China has made great progress in neonatal management in recent years, neonatal early-onset septicemia is still one of the main causes of neonatal morbidity and death, especially of the premature and low birth weight infants. The treatment of antibiotics can effectively reduce the mortality rate. But the unreasonable use of antibiotics may also lead to poor prognosis, such as neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, late-onset septicemia, death and so on. Therefore, reasonable antibiotic treatment of neonatal early-onset septicemia is particularly important. The following study will discuss the use of antibiotics in neonatal early-onset septicemia.
文章引用:陈丽萍, 包蕾. 新生儿早发型败血症抗生素合理使用的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(3): 2092-2097. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.123300

1. 引言

随着儿童保健工作的推进,新生儿死亡率呈逐年下降的趋势,但其死亡率仍占5岁以下儿童全部死亡人数的55.82%,有研究表明,感染仍是新生儿死亡的主要原因之一 [1]。新生儿败血症(neonatal sepsis)是指新生儿期细菌或真菌侵入血液循环并在其中生长繁殖,产生毒素所造成的全身性感染。根据新生儿的发病时间,我们将生后3天内(包括3天)发生的败血症定义为早发型败血症,生后>3天发生的败血症定义为晚发型败血症 [2]。抗生素是新生儿重症监护病房最常用的治疗方法。但是鉴于新生儿早发型败血症的临床症状、体征和实验室指标都缺乏一定特异性,血培养阳性率低,诊断或排除具有一定的困难,延迟或延长抗生素治疗都会导致新生儿,尤其是早产儿的发病率、死亡率及其他不良后果的增加 [3] - [9]。因此,我们将对新生儿早发型败血症的抗生素治疗进行探讨,以期对新生儿早发型败血症进行合理的抗生素治疗,减少新生儿不良结局的发生。

2. 流行病学

新生儿的免疫系统尚不完善,例如 [10] 抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cell, APC)的主要组织相容性复合体II类分子(major histocompatibility complex-II, MHC-II)粘附和共刺激分子表达水平较低,Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLR)表达水平较低,特别是TLR3、TLR4和TLR9在新生儿肠道上皮细胞中的表达减少,导致了新生儿对感染的高度易感性。此外,肠道微生物群在赋予对病原体或机会性肠道来源的病原体的定植抵抗力方面起着关键作用,新生儿肠道微生物群的紊乱可能会极大地增加新生儿感染的风险,有研究 [11] 表明抗生素会导致新生儿肠道内的微生物失调,乳杆菌丰度显著降低,而且这种微生物失调与早发性脓毒症的高风险相关。

近年来,危重新生儿的重症监护普遍得到改善,但是败血症仍然是全世界新生儿死亡的主要原因之一 [12]。总体而言,每1000名活产儿中就有1例发生新生儿败血症 [13]。巴西一项回顾性研究 [14] 发现,在35周及以上新生儿中,早发型败血症的发病率为4/1000,经培养证实的仅0.3/1000。2017年北美有人通过调查发现2006~2009年间该地区早发型败血症的患儿的总死亡率接近16% [15]。而新生儿败血症的死亡率严格取决于病原体和患者的胎龄,早产儿的死亡率高达20% [13]。Schmatz, M.等 [16] 发现在脓毒症婴儿中,抗生素使用时间(败血症确诊到第一次使用抗生素的时间)延迟是导致新生儿死亡和延长心血管功能障碍的独立危险因素。因此,准确地识别新生儿早发型败血症的发生,及时地启动抗生素的治疗对早产儿预后至关重要。

3. 经验性抗生素的使用及相关不良后果

发达国家新生儿败血症的病原体主要是B族链球菌,为了减少新生儿早发型败血症的发病率,多提倡在产前经验性地使用抗生素进行预防,事实表明,产前抗生素的应用确实有利于减少了新生儿感染B族链球菌的机率。而现有证据表明,宫内环境并不是无菌的,共生微生物在母胎之间交换活跃,早在分娩前胎儿就建立了属于自己的肠道微生物群 [17] [18]。分娩前使用抗生素可能会影响发育中的胎儿肠道微生物群的正常定植,并产生长期影响。母亲在怀孕中期和晚期接触抗生素与儿童肥胖症 [3] 和哮喘 [4] 的增加有关。

对于生后疑诊早发型败血症的新生儿,常常会经验性地应用抗生素进行治疗,以期减少新生儿死亡的风险,但是经验性抗生素的使用也会带来不良的后果:Zwittink, R. D.等 [5] 发现,出生后第一周静脉注射抗生素会引起早产儿胃肠道微生物区发育障碍,可能会通过干扰免疫系统和胃肠道的成熟而影响婴儿的健康发育,但是,迅速停止抗生素治疗可以恢复微生物区系。一项关于新生儿抗生素暴露与早期不良后果关系的荟萃分析也表明,没有证实感染的情况下,接受抗生素治疗或延长抗生素暴露时间与新生儿后期患坏死性小肠结肠炎或(和)死亡的风险增加有关,而广谱抗生素特别是第三代头孢菌素和碳青霉烯类药物的暴露增加了侵袭性真菌感染及抗生素耐药性发展的风险 [6]。有研究发现极低出生体重婴儿的初始抗生素治疗时间延长与坏死性小肠结肠炎、晚发败血症或死亡的风险增加相关,每增加一天的抗生素经验性治疗都会增加不良后果的风险 [7] [8] [9];对于抗生素使用对新生儿的远期影响,有研究表明,其与生后1年内功能性胃肠道疾病,特别是婴儿绞痛和反流 [19]、神经发育障碍如慢性脑瘫、听力损失,视力损害等 [20] 有一定关系。

4. 疑诊新生儿早发性败血症抗生素的疗程

新生儿疑似早发型败血症的早期诊断和治疗是预防严重和危及生命的并发症的关键,但是前面不少研究均发现抗生素不适当的使用会对新生儿造成不良后果。为了探究安全有效的抗生素疗程,一项多中心回顾性队列研究 [21] 调查了790名疑似或确诊为早发型败血症的极低出生体重儿的经验性抗生素治疗时间,发现7天疗程的住院天数及机械通气天数均大于3天疗程,说明对于疑诊早发型败血症新生儿,长时间抗生素治疗并不占优势。在2010~2016年期间,Ting, J.Y 等 [22] 将发生未经培养证实的败血症的14,207名极低出生体重儿根据首次经验性抗生素治疗的持续时间,分为0、1~3 d和4~7 d组,发现抗生素暴露4~7天与较高的综合结果几率相关。对于低风险早发型败血症患儿,每多用抗生素一天,死亡率或任何主要发病率(严重神经损伤、早产儿视网膜病变、坏死性小肠结肠炎、慢性肺部疾病或医院获得性感染)的综合结局几率增加4.7%。另一项19个中心的研究 [23] 对5693名出生后3天内开始初步经验性抗生素治疗的低出生体重儿进行研究,也发现抗生素治疗每增加一天,NEC或死亡的几率增加4%,单独NEC的几率增加7%,仅死亡的几率就增加16%。Cantey等人 [24] 对1324名极低出生体重儿抗生素时间的研究中报道生后前2周每增加一天抗生素治疗,就会增加支气管肺发育不良的风险和严重程度。

5. 确诊早发型败血症新生儿抗生素的疗程

关于抗生素使用的有效循证指南,大多数现行教科书建议对新生儿早发型败血症进行7~14天的治疗 [25]。早在2012年就有研究表明 [26],将无并发症的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌败血症患儿的抗生素疗程从7天减少到3天,所有患儿均在48小时内康复,且均无复发。另一项关于132名孕周 ≥ 32周、出生体重 ≥ 1.5 kg的经培养证实的新生儿败血症抗生素疗程的研究 [27],通过7天与10天静脉抗生素使用的对比证明7天的静脉注射抗生素疗程可能足以治疗新生儿败血症,且住院时间更短。2019年,Yahav, D.等 [28] 纳入了以色列和意大利三个中心604名无发热、血流动力学稳定48小时的革兰氏阴性菌患者,发现在住院天数、复发率、耐药性发展和不良事件方面,7天和14天的抗生素治疗之间无显著差异。近期有关于胎龄 > 32周和(或)出生体重 > 1.5 kg的血培养阳性新生儿10天和14天抗生素疗效的研究 [29],发现10天组与14天组疗效相似,且10天组平均住院时间明显少于14天组(16 d VS 23 d),表明对于血培养阳性新生儿,静脉抗生素疗程10天已足。

6. 关于缩短抗生素使用时间的研究

对于新生儿早发型败血症而言,往往临床症状不典型,血培养阳性率低,常常需要借助一些非特异指标如C反应蛋白、降钙素原等来进行诊断 [30]。近年来,不少人通过对一些非特异性指标的研究以期缩短抗生素的使用时间,减少新生儿不良结局的发生。有人对培养阴性的早发型败血症足月儿利用C反应蛋白联合临床症状指导抗生素的使用,发现使用抗生素治疗持续时间的中位数从7天减少到5天,且均无复发 [31]。一项多中心随机对照试验 [32] 通过降钙素原引导治疗与主治医生经验性判断感染可能性的评估,决定疑似早发性败血症抗生素疗程,发现当连续两次降钙素原值在正常范围内时停止抗生素治疗,显著缩短了疑似早发型败血症患儿经验性抗生素治疗持续时间和住院时间,降低了再感染率。

来自纵向研究的适度证据表明 [33] [34] [35],如果新生儿血培养结果为阴性,并且临床症状有所改善,在2~3天后停用经验性抗生素是安全的。

7. 总结

综上所述,新生儿早发型败血症是新生儿发病率和死亡率高的主要原因,需要尽早进行抗生素治疗,但是抗生素是一把双刃剑,不恰当的使用可能会增加新生儿,特别是早产儿细菌耐药性、死亡、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎、晚发型败血症等的风险,我们需要恰当地选择合适的抗生素,采取合理的治疗时间,以减少新生儿的不良预后。一项关于发展中国家早产低出生体重儿抗生素滥用情况的前瞻性研究 [36] 发现早产儿接受抗生素的时间比推荐的时间更长,早产儿作为新生儿中的高危人群,国内外现对其早发型败血症抗生素治疗疗程方面的涉及还很少,为确定安全有效的抗生素治疗时间,改善早产儿的预后,还需要大样本的临床实验研究。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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