肺康复在慢性阻塞性肺疾病治疗中的应用及进展
The Application and Progress of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2022.1291189, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 300  浏览: 523 
作者: 夏欢欢:西安医学院,陕西 西安
关键词: 慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺康复Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pulmonary Rehabilitation
摘要: 慢性阻塞性肺疾病是一种复杂的异质性疾病,与一系列呼吸道和非呼吸道症状有关,这些症状对疾病的日常负担影响很大。尽管有最佳的支气管扩张剂治疗,症状负担仍然很重,但肺康复是改善患者症状的有效干预措施,但其使用率较低。本文综述了肺康复训练的方式及方法,以便于为制定个性化肺康复训练的运动处方提供依据。
Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and heterogeneous disease associated with a range of respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms that have a significant impact on the daily burden of the disease. Despite optimal bronchodilator therapy, the symptom burden remains high, but pulmonary rehabilitation is an effective intervention to improve patients’ symptoms, but its usage rate is low. This article reviews the modalities and methods of pulmonary rehabilitation training in order to provide a basis for the development of exercise prescriptions for individualized pulmonary rehabilitation training.
文章引用:夏欢欢. 肺康复在慢性阻塞性肺疾病治疗中的应用及进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(9): 8250-8255. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.1291189

1. 引言

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)以不完全可逆的续性呼吸道症状和气流受限为特征,其高发病率、高死亡率和高残疾率给家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担 [1]。目前COPD较为有效的治疗为使用长效支气管扩张剂药物结合肺康复治疗 [2]。肺康复是基于全面的患者评估的综合干预,包括但不限于运动训练,以行为改变为目标的教育、自我管理干预,旨在改善慢性呼吸道疾病患者的身心状况,促进长期坚持健康促进行为 [3]。研究已证实肺康复可减少呼吸困难,提高生活质量、肺功能及运动能力,改善心理状态,降低发病率等 [4]。然而临床中COPD患者肺康复的使用率普遍很低。本文综述了肺康复在COPD中的应用及进展,为制定个性化肺康复训练的运动处方提供依据。

2. 运动训练

肺康复运动训练效果受运动方式、强度、频率、场所等影响 [5]。运动方式包括有氧训练(持续和间歇)、抗阻训练、平衡柔韧训练、呼吸训练等 [6]。运动强度是运动处方制定的重点,确定运动强度最准确的方法是通过心肺运动试验监测最大耗氧量的百分比,其次为心率、代谢当量、瓦特等 [7] [8]。训练计划包括针对每位患者的个体化训练处方,以适应他们的需要、兴趣和能力,从而提高依从性。因此制定训练处方前需进行全面的基线筛查,如病史、生活方式和训练经验,并通过心肺运动试验评估运动风险及身体素质,以确定患者的运动禁忌症、偏好和耐力 [7] [9]。稳定期COPD患者可根据肺功能I~IV级来制定不同的训练强度,可使肺康复训练充分发挥作用,促进肺功能改善,提升生活质量 [10]。

评估是综合肺康复方案中最重要的组成部分之一,有助于确定患者的肺康复计划以及评估整体疗效。一般情况评估包括现病史、既往史及体格检查,并了解患者关心的问题和肺康复的目标,同时建立患者的信心 [3]。检查评估主要为肺功能检查,定期进行肺功能检查是必要的,可用于评估患者是否存在通气功能障碍、障碍类型及严重程度。患者呼吸困难、疲劳症状的评估通常使用慢阻肺评估测试(COPD assessment test, CAT)、改良英国医学研究委员会呼吸困难量表(MMRC)、呼吸困难指数(borg scale)。运动能力评估可通过心肺运动试验、6分钟步行试验,1分钟坐–站试验等。研究表明1分钟坐–站试验可准确反应COPD患者运动能力,以19.5次作为临界值 [11] ,其操作可行性强,对场地及设备要求较低,敏感度和可重复性高。对于因为条件限制无法行心肺运动试验、6分钟步行试验的患者可行1分钟坐–站试验。

2.1. 有氧训练

有氧训练又称为耐力训练,是指在持续时间内机体有节奏地运动全身大肌群的体育活动 [12]。以耐力训练为核心的肺康复能够显著提高老年COPD患者的运动耐力和生活质量 [13]。持续耐力训练指在特定强度下持续运动一段时间,下肢肌肉的持续耐力训练是最常用的有氧训练方式,包括跑步、快走、骑自行车等 [7]。然而对重度和极重度的COPD患者而言很难在目标强度下完成制定的时长。与持续耐力训练相比,间歇耐力训练的优势在于能使机体在保证运动强度下获得更大的总运动时间,且在训练中穿插着不同长度的主动或被动休息时间,可增加最大摄氧量和增强无氧代谢 [7]。Louvaris Z等 [14] 发现,间歇耐力训练(以100%的峰值工作率进行30秒,以50%的峰值工作率交替进行30秒)和中等强度恒定负荷运动(以75%的峰值工作率),两者可产生相同的工作率,但间歇训练的运动耐力时间和总输出功率几乎比中等强度恒定负荷运动高两倍,因此针对不能耐受持续训练的COPD患者,可选用间歇训练达到与持续训练相同甚至更好的运动效果。美国胸科学会(ATS)/欧洲呼吸学会(ERS)建议训练强度为最大耗氧量的60%,训练频率为8~12 w,每周2~5次,每次持续约20~30 min [15]。

2.2. 阻抗训练

阻抗训练是指通过克服一定量的负荷来训练局部肌肉群的一种运动方式。COPD患者的慢性活动量减少和肌肉失调通常会引起骨骼肌功能障碍,其特征为肌肉质量的损失,肌肉力量和耐力下降 [16]。阻抗训练方式通常包括器械训练和徒手训练,器械训练主要包括哑铃、弹力带、各种阻抗训练器械,徒手训练采用抗自身重力方式如深蹲、俯卧撑等。Pancera S [17] 等总结,阻抗训练每周进行2~3天,持续8~12周,可改善COPD患者的上肢和下肢的最大力量和耐力。研究表明阻抗运动可显著增加COPD受试者6分钟步行试验 [18]。一项对照研究将31名COPD患者随机分为低负荷/高重复(A组)与高负荷/低重复(B组)后进行不同强度的阻抗训练和有氧训练,结果显示两组患者的症状、运动能力均有显著改善(<0.05),但仅高强度阻抗训练可改善生活质量和肌肉力量 [19]。耐力训练和阻抗训练联合上肢运动试验可改善COPD患者生活质量和肌肉力量,而阻抗训练仅增加了力量 [20]。

2.3. 平衡柔韧训练

平衡柔韧性是指一个关节或一系列关节在没有受伤的情况下进行全范围运动的能力。平衡柔韧训练可以提高患者柔韧性,对于预防运动损伤、扩大关节活动范围有重要作用,常见的柔韧训练包括太极拳、八段锦、瑜伽等。太极拳是安全、愉快的体育活动,在各种社区环境中实施成本低廉。一项荟萃分析证明了太极拳可改善COPD患者的日常生活活动、平衡、运动能力、心理健康、活动能力等 [21]。八段锦属于中低强度有氧运动。陈燕华等 [22] mate分析显示,八段锦可提高COPD患者的肺功能和运动耐力,改善生存质量。另有研究表明水中运动训练可使COPD患者的功能平衡得到改善 [23]。需要注意的是,僵硬和过度柔韧性都会导致更高的受伤风险 [24]。

2.4. 呼吸训练

呼吸肌是产生呼吸所需压力的动力源,其以膈肌为核心承担着人体60%~80%的通气需要 [25]。呼吸肌功能下降是导致COPD患者肺通气功能不足、气促的常见原因之一。呼吸训练主要包括缩唇呼吸、腹式呼吸及呼吸肌耐力训练。Tong Y等 [26] 使用吹气球、腹式呼吸等呼吸训练2周后,可提高活动耐受性,显著改善呼吸频率、肺功能。一项对照研究表明与单独使用有氧训练相比,呼吸肌训练联合有氧训练可增强COPD患者吸气肌功能和功能平衡 [27]。Saka S等 [28] 研究表明,呼吸肌训练改善了呼吸功能和运动能力,减少呼吸困难和症状感知,减少焦虑和抑郁以及改善生活质量。训练频率为每天2次15 min,每周5天,COPD患者熟练掌握后可提高每日训练频率,训练至少持续8周 [3]。

3. 远程肺康复

肺康复场所一般分为医院、居家及社区,最常见场所为医院。然而由于冠状病毒病19 (COVID-19)大流行,COPD患者基于医院的肺康复受到了极大的影响。ATS/ERS政策声明可采用替代疗法(如远程康复)为居家或偏远地区的COPD患者提供肺康复指导,将有利于肺康复覆盖更大比例的COPD患者 [15]。Ora J等 [29] 总结,在COPD患者中,远程肺康复可有效改善运动耐量和患者报告的结局,并且是基于医院康复的有效替代方案。多项研究表明,COPD患者分别于居家和医院门诊行肺康复,两组具有类似的治疗效果 [30] [31]。王炳炽等 [32] 通过微信远程肺康复与常规对比,肺功能、6MWD显著高于对照组,CAT评分显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。

4. 心理支持及健康教育

研究发现肺康复的提前终止通常与焦虑抑郁症状等相关 [33] ,早期对呼吸困难管理、戒烟和戒酒进行心理教育可能增加肺康复的完成率 [34]。肺康复也可改善COPD患者的焦虑抑郁症状,增加患者治疗依从性 [35]。然而,患者认知不足、信心不足等心理因素也将直接影响到肺康复的效果,需在心理教育的同时提高患者肺康复的认知水平 [36]。

综上,肺康复在提高生活质量、改善呼吸困难、减少并发症发生和延缓COPD进展方面具有巨大潜力。然而目前国内仍未广泛开展肺康复,原因如下:1) 医务人员对COPD患者行肺康复的重视度不够。2) 患者对肺康复效果的认识不足,及康复信心不足。3) 肺康复目前仍缺乏成熟统一的训练处方及疗效评估标准。4) 患者交通、家庭环境等客观因素。因此,加强医务人员和患者对肺康复的认知,建立COPD患者对肺康复的信心,同时开展肺康复治疗COPD的机制研究,使其在临床得到认可并广泛研究,从而形成统一的训练模式、评价标准,最终建立完善的肺康复指南。针对不同的COPD患者,要根据其疾病程度、个体情况及交通便利等因素,选取多种训练方式及合适的场所,为其制定安全性高、可行性强的个体化肺康复处方。

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