自身炎症性疾病的诊疗进展
Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoinflammatory Diseases
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.133691, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 236  浏览: 427 
作者: 尹讯章:青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛
关键词: 自身炎症性疾病单基因病分类Autoinflammatory Diseases Single Gene Disease Classification
摘要: 自身炎症性疾病(autoinflammatory dieases, AIDs)是由于固有免疫系统缺陷或功能紊乱,进而引起全身炎症反应的一组疾病。它多以复发性全身炎症反应和多系统受累为特征,临床上可表现为周期性的发热、皮疹或关节炎等多种形式。近年来,临床医师对该类疾病的认识不断加深,AIDs已成为一组涵盖范围广泛的疾病谱。目前广义的AIDs不仅包括50余种单基因疾病,还包含了一些尚未发现致病基因的多基因病,如全身型幼年特发性关节炎、白塞病、炎症性肠病等。而狭义的AIDs主要指基因突变引起固有免疫失调的单基因遗传病。本综述将着重阐述单基因AIDs的定义、发病机制、分类、临床表现、诊断和治疗。
Abstract: Autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) are a group of diseases that cause systemic inflammatory re-sponses due to defects or dysfunction of the innate immune system. It is mostly characterized by recurrent systemic inflammatory response and multi-system involvement, and clinically it can be manifested in various forms such as periodic fever, rash or arthritis. In recent years, clinicians have deepened their understanding of such diseases, and AIDs have become a group of diseases covering a wide range of spectrum. At present, AIDs in a broad sense include not only more than 50 single gene diseases, but also some polygenic diseases for which no causative gene has been found, such as systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Behcet’s disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. In the narrow sense, AIDs mainly refer to monogenic genetic diseases in which gene mutations cause in-nate immune disorders. This review will focus on the definition, pathogenesis, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of monogenic AIDs.
文章引用:尹讯章. 自身炎症性疾病的诊疗进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(3): 4837-4844. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.133691

1. AIDs的定义

1999年,McDermott [1] 等基于家族性地中海热(familial Mediterranean fever, FMF)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)受体相关周期热综合征(TNF receptor-associated periodic fever syndrome, TRAPS)两个致病基因的发现,首次提出AIDs的概念。随着二代测序技术在临床的应用,越来越多的单基因AIDs不断被发现,对其发病机制的研究逐步深入,AIDs的定义也在不断完善 [1] [2] :AIDs的定义从最初的“自身炎症综合征是一种全身性疾病,其特点是在缺乏高滴度自身抗体或抗原特异性T淋巴细胞的情况下,出现明显无刺激性的炎症”,到“是由于局部致病因素引起固有免疫细胞(包括巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞)激活而导致的自身炎症和靶组织损伤”,再到“是由固有免疫系统的缺陷或失调引起的临床综合征,其特征是反复或持续的炎症(急性期反应物升高)和缺乏适应性免疫系统(自身反应性T细胞和自身抗体产生)的主要致病作用”,反映了对其发病机制研究的逐渐深入 [3] 。2018年国际儿童风湿病试验组织(PRINTO)及AIDs研究组织共同对AID的定义进行更新 [4] :AIDs是由固有免疫系统缺陷或紊乱引起的一组疾病,这组疾病以反复或持续的炎症反应为特点(急性期炎症蛋白升高)、缺乏适应性免疫系统的参与(缺乏自身反应性T淋巴细胞和自身抗体产生)。

2. AIDs的发病机制

各类AIDs是由其特定的疾病基因突变引起,其发病机制也各不相同(表1~3)。近年来随着对一些新疾病的认识、新基因的发现,也证实了AIDs发病机制上存在一致性。

Table 1. Type I interferon diseases in the classification of autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) of the International Union of Immunology (IUIS) in 2022 [10]

表1. 2022年国际免疫学联合会(IUIS)的自身炎症性疾病(AIDs)分类中I型干扰素病种类 [10]

Table 2. Types of inflammasomes in the classification of autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) of the International Union of Immunology (IUIS) in 2022 [10]

表2. 2022年国际免疫学联合会(IUIS)的自身炎症性疾病(AIDs)分类中炎性小体病种类 [10]

Table 3. Types of non-inflammatory body diseases in the classification of autoinflammatory diseases (AIDs) of the International Union of Immunology (IUIS) in 2022 [10]

表3. 2022年国际免疫学联合会(IUIS)的自身炎症性疾病(AIDs)分类中非炎性小体病种类 [10]

最先认识到的是炎症复合体相关疾病,主要是基于Martinon [5] 等对于炎症复合体的发现,继而演变出了炎症复合体病 [6] 这一概念,即天然免疫细胞膜表面的模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor, PRR)识别病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)和危险信号相关分子模式(anger-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs),与凋亡相关点样蛋白(ACS,一种细胞内接头蛋白)结合后激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1 (casepase-1),共同组成炎症复合体,进而诱导白介素(Interleukin, IL)-1β的成熟与分泌,进而引发炎症反应。相关疾病包括FMF等。

AIDs发病机制上的一致性主要包括危险信号感知、细胞应激和免疫受体信号失调 [7] 。最近,对于AIDs固有免疫和获得性免疫共同协作机制的认识逐渐加深 [7] [8] :固有免疫通过识别危险信号,引起获得性免疫应答;获得性免疫应答可动员固有免疫,以辅助效应细胞应答。先天性免疫系统和适应性免疫系统的密切相互作用已逐渐消除了自身炎症性疾病和自身免疫性疾病的界限。首先,炎性小体的激活导致辅助性T细胞1 (helper T cell, Th1)和Th17分化,形成适应性免疫反应,有助于自身免疫和慢性炎症的发展 [9] 。此外,特异性浆细胞样树突状细胞对各种刺激产生I型干扰素(interferon, IFN)似乎是大多数自身免疫性疾病的关键触发因素 [3] 。

3. AIDs的分类

自2015年起,国际免疫学联合会(international union of immunological societies expert committee, IUIS)每2~3年对AIDs的分类进行更新。在2022年最新的IUIS免疫出生错误(inborn errors of immunity, IEI)分类 [10] 中,AIDs被列为IEI中的第七类疾病,包括I型干扰素病、炎症小体病和非炎症性小体相关疾病三大类(表1~3),共56种疾病,相较于2019年IUIS分类 [11] ,近2年新发现的AIDs相关疾病有14种之多。尽管如此,仍有一些近年来新发现的AIDs未被纳入2022年IUIS分类,如Sprenkeler等报道的以肌动蛋白功能异常引起的免疫肌动蛋白病 [12] ,Steiner等研究的以NF-κB通路异常激活为主要发病机制的Rel病(Relopathies) [13] 等。

4. AIDs的临床表现

AIDs多发生于新生儿期或低年龄儿童(≤5岁),通常存在反复持续数日至数周的发热,可存在皮肤、肌肉、关节、呼吸系统、血液系统、神经系统、消化系统、眼、耳等多系统受累。

Table 4. Clinical manifestations of AIDs [3]

表4. AIDs的临床表现 [3]

ANA:抗核抗体;DMARDs:改善病情抗风湿药;JIA:幼年特发性关节炎;RF:类风湿因子;CRP:C反应蛋白;ESR:红细胞沉降率;SAA:血清淀粉样物质A;TORCH:弓形虫、风疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、单穿疱疹病毒及其它感染。

此外,AIDs还可伴有肝脾和淋巴结肿大、流感样症状、乏力、体重减轻等非特异炎症的表现。I型干扰素病、炎症小体病和非炎症性小体相关疾病这三大类疾病在受累器官上存在明显的特异性 [3] [14] (表4)。

5. AIDs的诊断流程

5.1. AIDS预警表现

对于低年龄儿童(≤5岁)不明原因反复发热,并伴有以下至少3项者:① 反复皮疹;② 关节痛或关节炎;③ 反复口腔溃疡;④ 反复胸痛或腹痛;⑤ 肺间质病变;⑥ 反复头痛、呕吐、智力减退;⑦ 结膜炎、虹膜睫状体炎等眼部病变;⑧ 不明原因耳聋;⑨ 不明原因肝脾和淋巴结肿大;⑩ 炎症指标,如血常规白细胞、中性粒细胞、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)和红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)反复升高。以上症状 [15] 在充分排除感染、肿瘤和其它风湿免疫性疾病后,应考虑AIDs的可能。

5.2. AIDs的诊断

对于可疑AIDs的患儿需深入挖掘病史,包括家族史、起病年龄等,还应仔细询问发热、皮疹、关节痛等其它脏器受累情况的具体特点。此外,追溯和分析患儿发病以来甚至出生后的化验检查(血常规白细胞、中性粒细胞、CRP、ESR等)也是十分必要的,因为对比发作期与发作间期上述炎症指标的变化,有助于鉴别不同类型的AIDs [15] 。对于临床高度怀疑AIDs的患儿,应建议尽早行基因检测。

6. AIDs的治疗

欧洲抗风湿病联盟(European League Against Rheumatism, EULAR) 2015年发布了AIDs的管理指南 [16] 。AIDs的主要治疗目标包括:① 尽早迅速控制疾病活动;② 预防疾病和治疗相关的脏器损伤;③ 使患儿回归正常生活;④ 提高患儿的生存治疗。由于AIDs的病情持续终身,因此应当采取以患儿家庭为中心的治疗策略,同时鉴于AIDs可有多脏器受累,治疗需要多学科协作。

AIDs治疗的主要一线药物为秋水仙碱,其对大多数AIDs有效,包括FMF、高IgD综合征、坏疽性脓皮病和痤疮(pyogenic arthritis,pyoderma gangrenosum and acne, PAPA)、肿瘤坏死因子受体相关的周期性发热综合征(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome, TRAPS)等;非甾体抗炎药物(nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs)和糖皮质激素也部分有效。近年来,随着对AIDs发病机制的进一步研究,使其精准靶向治疗得以实现,特别是生物制剂在AIDs的治疗中效果显著,例如TNF抑制剂(英夫利昔单抗)治疗TRAPS、IL-1阻滞剂(阿那白滞素 [17] )治疗炎症小体病以及JAK抑制剂(托法替布、芦可替尼)治疗I型干扰素病 [18] [19] 等。

7. 展望

随着人类基因组学和免疫学知识的不断完善,以及二代测序技术在临床的应用,AIDs在过去二十多年飞速发展,新的疾病和相关致病基因被不断报道,为AIDs患儿的诊断治疗和其它炎症性疾病的研究提供了宝贵的经验。对AIDs早期识别、早期诊断、早期干预和治疗,可以减少相关并发症,从而改善患儿远期预后。

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