术前胆道引流在远端恶性胆道梗阻治疗中的研究进展
Advances in Preoperative Biliary Drainage in the Treatment of Distal Malignant Bile Duct Obstruction
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1351022, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 174  浏览: 357 
作者: 唐 鹏, 王槐志*:重庆医科大学,重庆;中国科学院重庆绿色智能技术研究院,重庆;中国科学院大学重庆学院,重庆;重庆市人民医院肝胆胰腺外科,重庆
关键词: 术前胆道引流梗阻性黄疸胰十二指肠切除术肿瘤Preoperative Biliary Drainage Obstructive Jaundice Pancreaticoduodenectomy Carcinoma
摘要: 胰头及壶腹部恶性肿瘤因具有特殊的解剖位置,常常压迫胆总管远端,以梗阻性黄疸为首要临床表现,引起血清胆红素水平升高、肝功能障碍、肾功能损害等并发症。术前胆道引流(Preoperative Biliary Drainage, PBD)广泛应用在恶性梗阻性黄疸的治疗中,用以解除胆道梗阻并降低总胆红素水平,被认为可能逆转肝功能障碍,提高患者手术耐受能力。目前临床上关于PBD的应用尚无指导性意见,其对胰十二指肠切除术后并发症及生存率的影响也存在争议。本文结合最新研究进展,讨论PBD在恶性梗阻性黄疸治疗中存在的相关问题,以期优化PBD临床实践方案,改善胰头癌、壶腹周围癌的综合治疗效果。
Abstract: Due to the special anatomical location, pancreatic head and periampullary carcinoma often have obstructive jaundice as the first clinical manifestation caused by compression of the distal common bile duct, leading a series of complications such as increased bilirubin levels, impairment of liver and renal function. Preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) is widely used in the management of ma-lignant obstructive jaundice to relieve biliary obstruction, reduce serum bilirubin levels, and is thought to have the potential to reverse hepatic impairment and improve the patient’s ability to tolerate surgery. Currently, there is no guidance on the use of PBD in clinical work and the impact on post-pancreaticoduodenectomy complications and survival rates is controversial. This article discusses the problems associated with PBD in the treatment of malignant obstructive jaundice in the context of the latest international research advances, with a view to optimizing PBD practice protocols and improving the outcome of the comprehensive treatment of pancreatic head and per-iampullary carcinomas.
文章引用:唐鹏, 王槐志. 术前胆道引流在远端恶性胆道梗阻治疗中的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(5): 7312-7319. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1351022

1. 引言

胰十二指肠切除术(Pancreaticoduodenectomy, PD)目前是可切除胰头癌及壶腹周围癌最主要的治疗方式,在肿瘤早期行手术治疗可以明显提升患者的生存期 [1] [2] [3] 。患者常因肿瘤压迫或阻塞远端胆道而出现梗阻性黄疸。持续和进行性的胆红素增高会导致肝功能、凝血功能及免疫系统受损,妨碍循环内毒素的清除,进而导致肾脏、肺脏及心脏等多器官功能损害。有研究认为血清总胆红素的升高会增加PD术中及术后不良事件发生风险 [4] [5] ,因此在合并梗阻性黄疸的病例中,采用术前胆道引流(Preoperative Biliary Drainage, PBD)以降低总胆红素水平被认为可以降低PD相关并发症的发生概率 [6] [7] [8] 。然而近年来诸多研究结果显示PBD并不能降低PD术后主要并发症的发生率,且可能会增加术后感染的风险,这可能是因为术前胆道引流作为一种有创的侵入式治疗方法,增加了细菌入血风险所导致 [9] 。本文结合近年国内外关于PBD在恶性梗阻性黄疸治疗中的最新研究进展进行讨论,以期给临床医生提供更精准的治疗策略。

2. PBD的适应证

PBD在世界范围内被广泛应用于胰头及壶腹部肿瘤术前治疗中,以期降低血清胆红素 [10] [11] ,然而有关PBD的适应证尚有争议,现有的研究结果中较为一致的意见是将其保留给特定的患者人群 [12] [13] ,如合并严重黄疸(通常定义为总胆红素大于15 mg/dL或250 μmol/L)或胆管炎,手术时间明显推迟(超过一周,如计划行新辅助化疗等原因)的患者,需要进行PBD以降低血清总胆红素或控制胆道感染 [4] [8] [14] [15] [16] 。至于其他条件下的黄疸患者以及不伴有梗阻性黄疸的患者,是否应常规施行PBD,具体实施细节,目前的研究结果仍有分歧。几项研究认为PBD不能降低手术后主要并发症及死亡率,无法使患者获益,且研究结果提示常规PBD会增加术后感染风险,因此不支持PBD作为恶性梗阻性黄疸的常规治疗手段 [9] [14] [17] [18] 。其中一项研究表明施行PBD后因并发症延误手术的患者占24% [14] 。一项对照试验纳入了不伴梗阻性黄疸的恶性壶腹周围肿瘤患者,评估非必要情况下应用术前内镜胆道引流(Preoperative endoscopic biliary drainage, PEBD)对PD术后效果的相关影响,结果表明相较于直接手术治疗,非必要PEBD组的手术时间、严重并发症、术后并发症显著增加,据此认为PBD不必要常规应用,可以减少医疗费用,改善患者预后,建议在早期组织由胰腺外科医生主导的多学科讨论,制定壶腹周围肿瘤患者的个体化治疗方案 [19] 。

Van der Gaag等人于2010年发表在新英格兰医学杂志发表了一项多中心前瞻性随机对照研究(Randomized controlled study, RCT),探讨PBD对PD术后结果的影响 [20] 。该研究纳入202名血清胆红素介于40~250 μmol (2.3至14.6 mg/dL)的胰头癌病人,随机分配进入试验组(4~6周的PBD后手术)或者对照组(确诊一周内直接手术)。试验组使用经内镜胆道引流(Endoscopic biliary drainage,EBD,包括ENBD和ERBD),如果引流失败则进行第二次EBD或者改用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(Percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage, PTCD),主要结局指标为术后120天内严重并发症的发生率。研究结果显示对照组的严重并发症和手术相关并发症发生率分别为39%和37%,而试验组分别为74%和47%。而死亡率和住院时间在两组患者间并无显著差异。以上的研究结果表明在胰头癌患者术前进行常规的PBD会提高并发症的发生率,因此可能需要重新认识PBD的临床治疗效果。

该研究虽然采用前瞻性随机对照设计,结果较为可靠,但是由于研究设计上出现了一定的缺陷,仍然存在较大的局限性而造成结果的偏倚。主要表现为几个方面,非常关键的一点是研究中所纳入的对象血清胆红素水平位于40~250 μmol/L (2.3~14.6 mg/dL),但是胆红素在此区间的患者可能受黄疸影响并不严重,而血清胆红素高于250 μmol/L (14.6 mg/dL)的患者理论上可能从PBD中获取更多益处,但是这部分患者在本研究中被排除在外,这个较大的选择偏倚可能导致结果的完全改变。其次,该研究在引流的实际操作中存在诸多问题,研究中所使用经内镜引流方式的即时并发症出现率较其他研究为高,提示该研究中引流的质量可能影响到了研究的结果,这可能是由于他们无法保证来源于规模较小的医疗中心的患者所实施的PBD的质量。既往的研究也提示经内镜鼻胆管引流(Endoscopic nasobiliary drainage, ENBD)与经内镜胆管支架引流(Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage, ERBD)的并发症出现率要高于PTCD,而本研究中PTCD仅为经内镜方式引流的替代方案。且研究中所使用的7-Fr的支架比10-Fr的更易阻塞从而升高并发症,而使用较短的(4~6厘米),自膨式金属支架相比于研究中所使用的塑料支架可以很大程度改善支架相关并发症的出现率,这也可能使PBD组的术后结果有所改善。另外试验组与对照组的人口学特征并不一致:试验组研究对象的BMI与对照组有显著差异,可能引起并发症发生率的增加。术后病理学证实有8%的患者患有其他良性疾病而非胰腺导管腺癌,如慢性胰腺炎和良性肿瘤等。总的来说该研究可能仅在特定条件下具有代表性,并不能反映PBD在所有患者群体中的应用情况。

Shen等人 [16] 在另一项回顾性临床分析中纳入了200例术前胆红素高于250 μmol/L (14.6 mg/dL)的患者,按照是否PBD进行分组,该研究中的使用PTCD进行引流的患者占比为49.7%,同时采用了倾向性评分匹配分析以调整两组患者的基线特征差异。结果显示直接手术组的总体术后并发症、B/C级胰腺切除术后出血以及术后胰瘘的发生率显著高于PBD组。Mosquera等人在他们的研究中也进行了类似的比较,将患者按胆红素水平进行亚组分析,结果显示在胆红素大于15mg/dL的亚组中,PBD组的患者的总体并发症与严重并发症较直接手术组显著减少 [21] 。Pattarapuntakul等人的研究结果提示在严重黄疸(总胆红素 > 14.6 mg/dL)的患者中,PBD有助于降低术中出血的风险 [22] 。一项来自中国的临床研究结果也表明PBD能够降低术后并发症的发生率 [23] 。Gao等人的回顾性分析认为术前胆红素水平大于162 μmol/L (9.5 mg/dL)是术后并发症发生的独立危险因素,而PBD可以减少近端恶性阻塞性黄疸患者的总体术后并发症发生率 [24] 。Moole等人的荟萃分析结果也显示PBD组比直接手术组在降低术后并发症方面有显著优势 [7] 。Kloek等人的研究则认为阻塞性胆汁淤积与血液促凝状态有关,且PBD可以逆转凝血功能和纤维蛋白溶解异常 [25] 。这些研究都肯定了PBD在恶性远端胆道梗阻治疗中的积极作用,或者至少可以改善特定条件下行PD治疗患者的术后结果。

除了给予PBD肯定或否定评价的研究外,还有很多研究的结果显示PBD并不会对术后结果产生显著影响。如马塞诸塞州总医院的一项大型临床研究显示,PBD对PD术后总体并发症发生率以及死亡率没有显著影响 [26] ,另外还有多项国内外临床研究和荟萃分析结果对PBD持同样态度,但认为PBD应该被谨慎使用 [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] 。

目前关于PBD的研究结论分歧很大,造成这种情况的原因可能是先前的研究可能具有选择偏倚和混杂偏倚。正如van der Gaag等人的研究那样,排除了严重黄疸这类理论上PBD的最大获益人群,或是研究中并未考虑平衡对照组和试验组术前总胆红素的显著差异 [20] 。大部分未接受PBD的患者人群并不存在梗阻性黄疸,理论上来讲不合并梗阻性黄疸的患者并不需要PBD,这导致两组间可比性较差。因此,如果对照组患者包含无梗阻性黄疸的患者可能导致明显的选择偏倚。应该选择梗阻性黄疸患者作为试验对象,而不是所有行PD的患者,以消除潜在的选择偏倚。其次,多数临床研究对混杂因素的调整或控制较差,例如胆道引流的方式选择(经皮穿刺或经内镜放置引流);胆道引流的原因(单纯黄疸或胆管炎或新辅助治疗导致的手术延迟等);肿瘤类型和分期;引流时间;手术方式;抗生素的使用。各项研究所在的医疗中心对PBD的实施标准也存在差别,受限于回顾性分析的特点,很难做到将所有重要混杂因素纳入分析,导致结论存在混杂偏倚。

目前仍然需要进行进一步的前瞻性研究以确定胆红素水平的阈值,使术后风险和获益总体上趋向于PBD,在当前文献和临床实践中使用PBD的总胆红素范围为128~450 µmol/L (7.5~26.3 mg/dl) [9] [16] [32] 。我们认为,是否进行PBD应根据患者个体情况,包括一般情况、检验指标和相关合并症,而不是单独使用任意的胆红素阈值。构建一个包含胆红素水平的多因素分析模型来预测术后并发症及死亡率可能更加合理,在研究设计时需要全面地考虑到可能的影响因素并加以调整。

3. PBD的持续时间

PBD理论上的益处是纠正继发于恶性胆道梗阻的术前高胆红素血症以及由此导致的生理障碍 [33] ,如肝肾功能损害、凝血和免疫系统障碍、营养状况差等。肝功能的恢复取决于胆道梗阻的持续时间和胆道减压后的恢复期,即使PBD后血胆红素水平下降很快,但肝功能的恢复通常需要4~6周时间。如果胆道梗阻持续时间长达12周,则需要更长的时间 [34] 。既往研究表明,即使在胆道支架置入6周后,某些生理功能也可能无法恢复到基线水平,在初始白蛋白水平低于35 g/L的患者中,引流结束时白蛋白水平仍无显著提高,而肌酐清除率在引流期间虽有改善,但相较于直接手术的患者并无差异 [35] 。较短时间的胆道引流可能无法提供足够的时间来完全逆转肝功能。另一方面,持续时间更长的支架置入可能增加支架相关并发症的发生风险,如支架阻塞、感染、位移和肿瘤进展。有时,即使进行了支架置入术,由于引流时间不足或恶性梗阻已造成不可逆损害,胆红素水平和肝功能也可能无法恢复到正常水平 [7] 。部分研究支持进行较长时间的持续胆道引流。一项研究认为PEBD相关的手术延迟4~6周不会降低可切除胰腺癌患者总生存期,且可以肝功能恢复程度更好,提高患者的中期术后生存率 [4] 。Scheufele等人的研究认为如果PBD是不可避免的,引流时间超过4周能够减少术后主要并发症发生风险 [36] 。Ray等人的研究结果表明PBD与手术间隔大于6周对术后效果没有负面影响 [17] 。Eshuis等人在一项RCT中指出,与PBD相关的手术延迟不会减少或延长胰腺癌患者的生存期,他们的研究中PBD组的中位手术间隔时间为5.1周 [37] 。另外也有研究认为PBD的持续时间不宜过长。Shin等人研究中的多因素分析显示,主要并发症发生在PBD后的第三和第四周,而在引流前两周进行早期手术不会显著增加术后并发症。胰腺癌患者中,超过6周的持续胆道引流与不良生存率有关 [38] 。另一项研究结果显示PBD ≥ 21天与较差的总生存期有关 [39] 。Oehme等人认为胰腺手术应该在PBD后4周以内进行,可以减少术后并发症 [40] 。总的来说,PBD的最佳引流时间并不明确,4周似乎是一个可能的临界值,目前尚无统一的终止引流标准。我们认为PBD的持续时间仍然需要根据患者的具体情况决定,在术前需要进行合理的血液及生化检验,以确定患者肝功能及凝血功能异常是否恢复或是胆管炎及胆道感染是否得到了充分控制,在患者达到适宜手术的身体条件之前,随意地终止PBD是不可取的。考虑到长期的胆道引流存在胆道感染、支架闭塞等风险,需要进一步的研究以权衡引流带来的风险与获益。

4. PBD的方式选择

PBD引流方式主要有三种:ENBD、ERBD及PTCD。最近的研究表明PBD能降低PD术后手术部位感染的发生率,选择合适的引流方式可能是影响感染性并发症出现的一个关键点 [9] [17] 。不同的引流方式在不同疾病中的作用也可能存在差异,但治疗梗阻性黄疸的最佳引流方式目前尚无定论。通过对ENBD,ERBD和PTCD进行比较,发现ERBD的并发症发生率最高,主要原因为引流管闭塞及胆管炎,PTCD的主要并发症为血管损伤。一项大型荟萃分析显示EBD和PTCD各有特点,PTCD和EBD在治疗成功率、胆漏、总并发症、死亡率方面没有明显差异。PTCD后胆管炎和胰腺炎发生率较EBD更低,而PTCD的出血和导管脱位发生率更高。在临床实践中,建议根据梗阻的位置、引流目的(术前准备或姑息治疗)以及当地胆道引流经验,针对性选择PTBD或EBD [41] 。有回顾性分析指出在壶腹部肿瘤伴有梗阻性黄疸的患者中进行PTCD后血胆红素水平日均减少量明显高于EBD,引流时间更短,导管相关并发症发生风险低,医疗费用少,具有明显效费优势,而手术时间、术中出血量较EBD无显著差异,因而认为PTCD是术前首选引流方式 [42] [43] 。另一部分研究则认为EBD优于PTCD,因为其并发症较少,而PTCD作为一种有创引流方式,存在肿瘤经导管播散的风险 [11] [44] ,并且对患者而言长期的引流管日常护理会影响生活质量,需要大量时间来维护 [33] 。

关于EBD的两种主要引流方式的优劣,有回顾性研究表明ENBD与ERBD在进行胆汁引流时均拥有较高的有效性,两者导管相关并发症发生率、导管或支架功能障碍率无明显差异 [45] 。ENBD并发症较少,但若引流不充分或鼻胆管移位脱落则有发生胆管炎风险,并且ENBD有几个明显的缺点。例如,胆汁通过鼻导管引流除体外可能会损害胆汁的肠肝循环,进而导致肠道消化功能减弱,免疫和凝血系统受损,并且长期放置鼻导管可能会使咽部不适,影响食欲,进一步影响营养状态 [46] 。ERBD作为一种内引流方式更加符合生理结构,目前的研究普遍倾向于使用自膨式金属内支架(Self-expandable metallic stent, SEMS),因其相较于塑料支架(Plastic stent, PS)拥有通畅率高、支架相关并发症少、治疗中断和延迟手术风险小等优势 [2] [33] [47] 。另一部分研究持相反意见,他们的研究结果表明在PD前行ERBD的患者胆管炎的发生率高于行ENBD的患者,且ENBD组术后腹腔深部感染的发生率显著低于ERBD组 [48] ;ENBD组的患者发生术前胰腺炎、术后胰瘘风险及导管功能障碍率均低于ERBD组 [49] ,因此认为ENBD是最佳引流方式,应优先考虑。总的来说,PTCD的优势在于费用更低,并发症较少,引流效果更确切,缺点在于可能导致肿瘤播散,血管损伤,并且维护困难。ENBD并发症相对较少,感染率低,导管障碍率低,但可能损害肠肝循环,引起咽部不适,降低患者生活质量。ERBD最符合生理结构,保留了胆汁的消化功能,但费用昂贵,感染率和支架障碍率高,易导致胆管炎及胰腺炎。以上研究表明,对于梗阻性黄疸的患者,PD术前不同PBD方式各有特点,可能使特定患者获益更高。

5. 总结和展望

综上所述,PBD可以用于严重黄疸、胆管炎以及预计手术明显推迟的患者,胆道引流时间需要根据患者的具体情况决定,引流方式各有优劣,但金属胆道支架相比塑料支架具有明显优势。目前的研究结果尚不足以指导进行精准的PBD临床实践,其对PD术后并发症发病率和死亡率的影响仍有较大争议。尽管有诸多学者探讨这些问题,但多数为回顾性分析以及荟萃分析,且研究方式缺乏一致性,论证强度不高。少数的前瞻性研究由于研究设计缺陷,以致研究结果代表性不足。鉴于PBD在临床工作中的广泛应用,仍然需要设计更完善的前瞻性研究为临床实践提供科学的论据,提高因恶性梗阻性黄疸的综合治疗效果,为优化PBD方案的临床应用提供指导性意见。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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