新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎手术时机研究新进展
Recent Progress in the Surgical Timing of Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1351037, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 186  浏览: 5,534 
作者: 康才龙, 郭春宝*:重庆医科大学附属儿童医院普外创伤外科,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室,儿科学重庆市重点实验室,重庆
关键词: 手术时机坏死性小肠结肠炎肠穿孔早产儿Timing of Operation Necrotizing Enterocolitis Intestinal Perforation Premature Infants
摘要: 坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)发病率高、病情进展迅速、病死率高、后遗问题严重、内科保守治疗手段有限,对相当一部分病情严重和内科治疗无效的病例早期识别并及时进行手术干预可防止肠管发展为严重缺血坏死和随后的并发症,从而降低NEC的病死率并改善整体预后。但目前尚缺乏客观的临床手术指征体系。外科界对肠穿孔以外的NEC手术指征也远未达成共识。不同医疗机构或医生对于手术的决定及评估也主要凭临床经验,相对较为主观。故本文总结分析了近年来与NEC手术干预时机相关的文献。
Abstract: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has a high incidence, rapid progression, high mortality, serious af-tereffects, and limited conservative medical treatment. Early identification and timely surgical in-tervention in a significant proportion of cases that are severe and do not respond to medical treat-ment can reduce mortality and improve the overall prognosis of NEC by preventing the develop-ment of severe isonecrosis and subsequent complications. However, there is still a lack of objective clinical surgical indication system. The surgical community is also far from consensus on the indica-tions for NEC beyond intestinal perforation. The decision and evaluation of surgery by different medical institutions or doctors are also mainly based on clinical experience, which is relatively sub-jective. Therefore, this paper summarizes and analyzes the literature related to the timing of NEC surgical intervention in recent years.
文章引用:康才龙, 郭春宝. 新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎手术时机研究新进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(5): 7436-7442. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1351037

1. 引言

NEC在所有出生患儿中发病率约占3%~5%,并且随着胎龄和出生体重的降低而逐渐增加,总病死率约为13%~19%,接受手术肠切除的NEC患儿死亡率更可高达43% [1] [2] 。在早期阶段,内科保守治疗可以成功地应对NEC,主要是使用广谱抗生素、肠道休息和全静脉营养。尽管在过去的几十年中,新生儿重症监护环境以及全肠外营养的进步使需要手术的NEC患儿有所减少,但国内外一些学者的回顾性研究显示仍约有20%~60%的确诊NEC患儿病情进展急速,需要接受手术治疗,是此类病人最为棘手的问题之一 [3] [4] 。

2. 理论手术时机

NEC患儿理想的手术时机应当是在肠道发生缺血坏死之后 [5] ,暂未出现穿孔以前。在这个时间窗行手术,不仅可以早期去除坏死肠管,还能有效减少肠道病原体、坏死组织和炎性渗出介质等进入腹腔和淋巴血液系统,从而阻止病情快速蔓延进展,最终减轻患儿病情进展,减少术中肠道损失,改善整体预后。

3. 绝对手术时机

出现肠穿孔及影像学表现的气腹是目前NEC唯一共识的绝对手术时机,但是NEC好发于早产、低出生体重的新生儿,一般情况往往较差,病情进展迅速,发生肠穿孔后出现腹膜炎、败血症、休克,将进一步降低其对麻醉及手术的耐受能力,病史率将显著增高,后遗症问题也非常严重 [6] 。提示以肠穿孔气腹作为NEC的手术指征往往为时已晚,预后不良。

4. 相对手术时机

多年来针对NEC手术治疗一直存在相对保守以及积极手术的争论。积极手术可能会使一些本可以保守治疗成功的患儿承担了不必要的手术风险。但过度保守往往会将病情拖延至发生穿孔后再行手术,错失手术时机,面临更多预后风险。这里的根本问题在于缺乏客观的临床手术指征指标体系,没有对客观手术指针的评估。临床把握最佳理论手术时机确实非常困难,而学术界对肠穿孔以外的NEC手术指征却远未达成共识 [7] [8] [9] 。

4.1. 一般情况

尽管胎龄与出生体重并不能直接反应NEC患儿病情发展的阶段,但大量研究证实,NEC患儿的胎龄越小、出生体重越低,其病情越严重、手术干预率越高、病死率越高、整体预后越差 [1] [2] [10] [11] [12] 。胎龄不仅可作为NEC患儿手术干预的独立危险因素 [13] ,并且也是影响手术治疗结局的重要指标 [14] 。此外,先天性心脏病尤其是动脉导管未闭对NEC患儿病情严重程度和手术干预率均有关联 [13] [15] 。

4.2. 临床表现

NEC患儿早期相对典型的临床表现有呕吐、腹胀、腹泻和血便等,均为非特异性表现。有研究显示,明显的腹壁红斑、腹膜炎或腹膜刺激征可以作为预测手术时机的表现,这提示肠道局部可能发生缺血坏死,甚至已经出现肠道穿孔 [16] [17] [18] 。标准化体格检查评分包括肠鸣音、毛细血管充盈时间、腹壁红斑、腹围、腹部变色、腹部包块和腹部压痛共8项指标,出现其中3项阳性时,对手术预测的敏感性为88%,特异性为81%,并且每增加一项指标,手术需要率及最终死亡率增加数倍 [19] 。此外,当患儿出现休克、严重酸中毒和呼吸衰竭等症状时,保守治疗已很难逆转病情进展,提示疾病已进入晚期,需要及时的手术干预,但内科治疗无效后才进行手术的患儿,其不管术中肠管坏死切肠长度、术后恢复时间和整体预后均较发现穿孔并进行手术的患儿明显变差,提示此时进行手术干预已为时过晚 [20] [21] [22] 。

4.3. 腹部X片检查

腹部平片在NEC的诊断和外科治疗的判断中一直起着重要的作用,也是Bell分期的重要指标。肠壁积气是NEC的标志性影像学表现,肠壁增厚、肠环固定和门静脉积气是其他主要影像学表现。已经有学者将腹部平片结果量化为总和10分的Duke腹部X线评分(DAAS):肠袢固定或肠道持续扩张为7分、高疑或肯定肠壁积气为8分,门静脉积气为9分,气腹为10分,并指出评分 ≥ 7分可作为手术干预时机 [23] 。Coursey等人研究显示,DAAS评分高的患者比评分低的患者更有可能接受手术干预,其对最终手术干预的预测总体表现良好(c统计值 = 0.83) [24] 。其他许多研究也显示DAAS中高分的指标是手术干预的独立危险因素 [16] [17] [25] 。但也有研究显示评分高低或许并不能代表病情严重程度 [26] 。有研究显示在确诊NEC患者中,腹部X线在显示腹腔积液、肠道蠕动消失以及肠壁增厚也具有较高敏感性,且可作为手术指征 [27] 。

4.4. 腹部B超检查

虽然平片仍然是诊断NEC的标准影像学检查方法,但腹部B超检查在评价NEC方面发挥了越来越重要的作用。腹部B超由于其便捷和无辐射射,逐渐成为NEC患儿的主要检查。有研究显示,确诊NEC患儿腹部B超在发现肠壁积气和门静脉积气上的灵敏度明显高于X线平片,且对<1 mm的气体完全可以显示 [28] 。此外,腹部B超还能观察到一些X片上不能发现的指标,比如腹腔积液的量与性质、肠管血运状况和肠蠕动情况等 [29] 。腹部B超声显示积液透声差可能是局部炎性渗出的表现,而腹腔积液深度增加则反映患儿肠道病变的进展 [18] 。腹部B超显示肠管灌注缺失、肠壁变薄(小于1 mm)、回声性腹水、局部复杂腹水或粘连带可能均与肠管穿孔有关,以此作为手术时机可明显改善患儿预后,部分医院彩超对肠道灌注缺失的敏感性达到100% [30] [31] [32] 。一项荟萃分析表明,超声检查发现的肠壁变薄和肠壁增厚也与手术干预和死亡率显著相关 [32] 。尽管腹部超声结果的判读及评估相对较为主观,也依赖于超声科医师的经验与技术,但越来越多的研究表明,超声检查尤其是动态超声随访在识别可能需要手术治疗的高危婴儿方面具有相当价值。

4.5. 实验室检查

c反应蛋白(CRP)及降钙素原(PCT)水平可以很好地反应患儿全身炎症状态,研究显示CRP及PCT明显升高可以作为患儿病情严重程度及手术干预需要的指标 [14] [33] [34] 。新生儿尤其是早产儿、低出生体重儿的血液淋巴系统对各种外界打击的耐受性低,容易出现骨髓抑制,当出现中性粒细胞、单核细胞和血小板等指标严重减少,常是病情严重的表现,可作为NEC患儿手术干预的指征 [14] 。研究表明,当病情进一步进展,出现代谢性酸中毒、血糖明显升高或降低和凝血功能障碍等可能是NEC患儿出现肠穿孔的征象 [13] [35] [36] 。国内胡博等研究者与NEC相关的七项代谢紊乱(MD7)的变化趋势可以很好地反应病情进展及手术需要,超过三个测量指标异常就可以从手术干预治疗中获益,以MD7发生频数 > 3判断肠坏死,真阳性率接近80%,并建议当MD7发生频数达到2,或DAAS ≥ 5分即应积极联系外科会诊,以为捕获最佳手术探查时机创造条件 [5] 。这提示实验室代谢指标也具有较高的临床敏感度和特异性,结果可作为手术探查时机的重要参考。

4.6. 生物标志物

特异性生物标志物的研究探索一直是NEC领域的热点,可以预测与评价NEC发生,预后及严重程度等等,也可以帮助区分NEC患儿是否需要手术治疗。肠脂肪酸结合蛋白评估NEC肠上皮细胞损伤的敏感性和特异性均超过90% [37] 。一项前瞻性队列研究显示,血浆和尿液中肠脂肪酸结合的水平升高与早期NEC的手术治疗需要呈正相关,同时,与粪便钙卫蛋白联合使用可更准确地鉴别NEC患儿的Bell II期与III期 [37] [38] [39] 。淀粉样蛋白a水平在重度NEC中显著高 [40] 。血清人抵抗素样分子β浓度结合腹壁紧张和腹部压痛也可作为新生儿NEC手术时机的判断依据 [41] 。尽管生物标志物对肠坏死穿孔的判断具有更高的特异性,但目前相关研究尚处于初级阶段,以及在粪便样本中检测这些生物标志物,其检测质量及稳定性等可能会限制其临床应用。

4.7. 综合各项指标

腹部超声、腹部X片、各种实验室检查结果和特异性生物标志物等均可以单独作为评判NEC病情严重程度和手术治疗需要的指标,也取得了良好的敏感性和特异性,但各个研究分别侧重某一特征评价其对手术干预的指导价值,且结论各异。联合其中几项甚至所有指标显然具有更高的稳定性和可信度。Bell分期作为NEC最常使用的诊断标准,其分期标准包括腹部包块和腹部压痛等体格检查,CRP升高和血小板降低等实验室指标以及肠壁积气和门静脉积气等X线检查等 [42] 。当Bell分期为III期时建议时刻警惕患儿手术干预的需要 [43] 。研究显示,DAAS 评分高于7分同时MD7高于 3分时诊断坏死性肠穿孔的真阴性率达到100.0% [25] 。Lazow等人研究显示腹壁红斑、X线门静脉气体、超声回声游离液体和肠壁增厚四个因素的多变量风险评分具有极好的曲线下面积(AUC = 0.937) [17] 。尿淀粉样蛋白a联合血小板计数对于重度NEC判断的敏感性达94%,特异性达83% [40] 。近年来,许多联合多项指标的评分系统被证明对手术干预时机的判断具有较高的敏感性和特异性,但相关研究由于样本量较小、研究证据质量低和研究设计差异性大等原因,均难以成为外界公认的手术干预标准 [12] [16] [18] 。

5. 结论

综上所述,目前NEC仍没有找到非常特异的指标与肠坏死穿孔直接联系,且尚无一项足够使人们信服研究评估各项参数以寻找手术干预的最佳时机,故暂不允许对目前研究结果进行简单的临床应用,在日常实践中应选择何种手术指征也没有明确定论。尽管目前对于NEC发病机制的不甚明确限制了对其预防措施、早期诊断、治疗选择和手术判断等方面准确标准的制定,但通过分析总结既往大量NEC患儿数据资料,同时进行高质量临床试验的开展,也许可以制定出更加完善合理的手术判别指征,从而改善NEC患儿的整体预后。

NOTES

*通讯作者Email: 287480530@qq.com

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