川崎病合并冠状动脉病变研究进展
Research Progress of Coronary Artery Lesion in Kawasaki Disease
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1361304, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 216  浏览: 302 
作者: 王 涛, 易岂建*:重庆医科大学附属儿童医院心血管内科,国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心,重庆
关键词: 川崎病冠状动脉病变发病机制诊断治疗Kawasaki Disease Coronary Artery Lesion Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment
摘要: 冠状动脉病变为儿童川崎病最常见最严重的并发症,约20%未经治疗的川崎病合并冠状动脉病变,后期可能合并冠状动脉血栓、狭窄,严重者出现心肌缺血梗死。本文就川崎病合并冠状动脉病变的流行病学特点、发病机制、判断标准及治疗进行综述,以期加深临床医师对川崎病合并冠状动脉病变的认识。
Abstract: Coronary artery lesion is the most common and serious complication of Kawasaki disease in chil-dren. About 20% of untreated Kawasaki disease have coronary artery lesion. Late acute stage may be complicated with coronary thrombosis and stenosis. Myocardial ischemia infarction occurs in severe cases. This article reviews the epidemiological characteristics, pathogenesis, criteria and treatment of Kawasaki disease complicated with coronary artery lesion, to deepen the clinician’s understanding of coronary artery disease.
文章引用:王涛, 易岂建. 川崎病合并冠状动脉病变研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(6): 9320-9324. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1361304

1. 引言

川崎病(Kawasaki Disease, KD)是一种病因尚不明确,多发于5岁以下儿童的一种全身性血管炎,又称为皮肤黏膜淋巴结综合征,由川崎富作先生于1967年首次报道 [1] 。临床症状包括眼结合膜充血、唇红皲裂、非化脓性单侧颈部淋巴结肿大、皮疹、四肢末梢改变等,因其易合并冠状动脉病变(Coronary Artery Lesions, CAL),已取代风湿热成为发达国家最常见的后天性心脏病。大剂量丙种球蛋白静脉冲击及阿司匹林口服将KD合并CAL的发生率大幅度降低,但仍有部分KD患儿合并CAL。因此,早发现、早诊断、积极治疗和长期随访对于降低CAL发生率、防止血栓形成及其他远期并发症的发生具有重要意义。

2. KD的流行病学特点

川崎病在不同种族的人群中发病率不一,在日本最高,0至4岁儿童发病率为359/100,000 [2] ,韩国和中国台湾位居第二。Kitano等人的研究显示,川崎病具有一定的季节性,夏季发生CAL的患者比其他季节低,夏季为1.6%,低于其他季节的3.2%~3.3% [3] 。也有研究指出,发病年龄、病程自限性、季节一致性、血清IgA水平升高表明KD可能为空气传播的病原体感染所致,支持川崎病具有传染性来源 [4] ,但目前尚无报道有特定病原感染引起KD。川崎病同时具有一定的遗传易感性,2.2%的KD患者的兄弟姐妹有川崎病史,1.6% KD患者的父母有川崎病史 [5] 。

3. KD合并CAL的发病机制

目前KD的发病机制尚不明确,可能是未知的感染因子激活了携带易感基因儿童的免疫系统,大量的炎性因子和细胞毒性因子释放,呈指数型激增,破坏细胞间的连接,最终引起血管的损伤,急性期后,炎症细胞浸润消退,纤维组织形成,可出现血管狭窄,发生急性心肌梗死。

血管内皮生长因子(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, VEGF)是介导KD炎症的重要因素,KD患者单核细胞趋化集中到损害的内皮细胞处,局部释放VEGF,参与炎症反应,研究发现,VEGF在IVIG治疗前后无明显变化,急性期合并CAL的KD患者中VEGF显著升高,提示VEGF水平与CAL相关 [6] 。

急性期KD患者的循环白细胞释放大量的肿瘤坏死因子、弹性蛋白酶,这些因子与内皮损害相关。泛素特异性蛋白酶(Ubiquitin-Specific Protease, USPs)家族是最大的一类去泛素化酶,最近Huang等人的研究 [7] 表明,USP5是冠状动脉内皮细胞炎症反应期间TNF-α产生及其下游信号激活的正调节因子,其抑制剂小辣椒素A可作为KD治疗的候选药物,可防止细胞因子过度产生。S100钙结合蛋白A4 (S100A4)可调节细胞粘附、细胞外基质重塑和细胞运动性,其上调与下调均会增加KD合并CAL的风险 [8] 。体外研究证实,S100A4可导致内皮层不致密,并使冠状动脉内皮细胞更容易受到体外中性粒细胞浸润的影响。

4. KD合并CAL的诊断标准

传统的冠状动脉异常判断标准为使用经胸二维超声测量KD患者的冠状动脉内径值,国内常用标准为第六版实用儿科学提出的,0至3岁内径值 < 2.5 mm,3至9岁内径值 < 3 mm,9至14岁儿童内径值 < 3.5 mm,超过此正常范围为异常。

近年来,发现经体表面积校正的Z值,可能比内径值更适合用于判断CAL及随访,正逐渐取代以年龄为分段的冠脉扩张判断标准。Z值2~2.5为扩张,2.5~5为小型冠状动脉瘤,5~10为冠状动脉瘤,≥10为巨大冠状动脉瘤。McCrindle、Olivieri、Dallaire and Dahdah、Kobayashi、Lopez等人建立了各自的Z评分计算公式,在使用时应注意不同公式在内径绝对值较大时得出的Z值有较大差异,诊断及随访过程中需注意前后一致性 [9] 。不同地区、不同人种的Z值的适用性尚需探讨。

对于合并CAL的KD患者,可在急性期后行计算机断层冠状动脉造影(Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography, CTCA)检查,可了解患者远端冠状动脉及分支有无改变,CTCA被认为是KD合并CAL患者的一种辅助成像方式,可更好地显示冠状动脉有无狭窄及微小钙化 [10] 。

5. KD合并冠脉病变的危险因素

年龄与性别为KD合并CAL的重要危险因素,来自日本连续18年的KD病例数据表明,年龄和性别的交互作用对KD相关CAL的发生有影响 [3] ,可能因为年龄较小的儿童尚不能对自身情况进行合理描述,导致部分症状在早期容易被忽略。Mossberg研究指出,患有不完全川崎病(Incomplete Kawasaki Disease, iKD)的幼儿发生CAL的风险很高,可高达47% [11] 。有学者发现,川崎病患者每延误一天的治疗,形成中型和巨型动脉瘤的风险就相应增加 [12] 。对于持续中高热,抗生素疗效不佳者,应考虑不完全川崎病可能,及早完善冠状动脉超声检查。同时病初具有3或4种KD主要临床症状的患者,尤其是年轻患者,在初始超声心动图时发现CAL的风险较高 [13] 。

除传统危险因素外,有学者研究发现,中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞比率(Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio, NLR)是KD发生CAL的独立预测因素,NLR是一种新型炎症标志物,中性粒细胞数量的增加与炎症反应有关,淋巴细胞数量的减少与应激反应有关,因此NLR可反映炎症反应激活和免疫应激反应之间的平衡。发热第4到6天NLR ≥ 2.08是KD患儿发生CAL的危险因素 [14] 。也有学者研究认为KD合并CAL的高危因素包括血清白蛋白水平 [15] 、高IgA水平 [16] 、MMP-9 [17] 、Lp-PLA2 [18] 等。

6. KD合并CAL的治疗

现尚无针对CAL的特异性治疗药物,目前的标准治疗为大剂量阿司匹林抗炎及2 g·kg−1人免疫球蛋白输注,可将CAL的发生率由25%降低至7% [5] 。一旦确诊,应尽快开始治疗,病程10天后治疗为KD合并CAL的独立危险因素 [19] 。对于确诊为冠状动脉瘤(Coronary Artery Aneurysms, CAA)的患者,初级辅助皮质类固醇治疗与降低初始治疗抵抗、更大程度降低炎症指标相关 [20] 。在初始治疗加用糖皮质激素可有效控制全身炎症而不增加CAL的发生率,尚需要大型的随机对照试验评估初始治疗加糖皮质激素是否可预防CAL [21] 。

依那西普是肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂,竞争性抑制TNF-α和TNF-β,与细胞表面TNF受体结合,使肿瘤坏死因子失去活性。Portman的研究显示,初始治疗加用依那西普可改善冠脉扩张 [22] ,对于IVIG治疗后CAL继续进展的患者也可考虑使用。

合并CAL患者,需长期口服小剂量阿司匹林至冠脉恢复正常后方可停药,对于中型及巨大瘤,需加用华法林、双嘧达莫、低分子肝素等药物抗凝。对于合并脂质代谢紊乱患者,加用他汀类药物或可获益,但目前属于超说明书用药。

严重的CAL如严重冠状动脉狭窄与闭塞,应选用介入治疗或外科手术治疗 [23] 。包括经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, PCI)、冠状动脉旁路移植(Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, CABG)、冠状动脉瘤切除与心脏移植。PCI适应症:狭窄 ≥ 75%,有缺血症状;或狭窄 ≥ 75%,无缺血症状,但辅助检查发现有明显缺血表现。CABG的适应症:1) 严重左心功能不全,内科治疗无效;2) 冠脉主干闭塞、多支高度闭塞及长段狭窄。CABG是学龄前儿童巨大冠脉瘤心肌缺血的一种有效治疗方法 [24] 。

KUO等人第一个报道KD动脉瘤在吸入氢气辅助治疗下消退且无其他并发症的研究。因此,氢气吸入可能是KD抗自由基或抗氧化治疗的一种选择,但仍需进一步研究 [25] 。

7. 预后

CAL的发生及其严重程度与KD合并CAL患者的预后密切相关,研究表明,直径较小的CAL消退较早,大多数 < 6 mm的CAL在川崎病后6个月消退 [26] 。IVIG延迟治疗、CAL类型、CAL程度将影响CAL的持续时间 [27] 。近年来,一系列研究证实,川崎病慢性血管炎与成年后的动脉粥样硬化密切相关,应视为冠心病的高危因素。

研究发现,男性、较大的CAL (内径绝对值 ≥ 8 mm)及前降支受累与冠状动脉内血栓形成相关,对于合并以上危险因素的KD患者,应密切随访,防止血栓形成后脱落产生更严重的后果。

8. 总结

近年来,随着临床医生对于川崎病的重视,川崎病的发病率,尤其是不完全川崎病的发病率较前升高,合并冠状动脉病变比例也较前升高。针对合并CAL者的治疗,仍是一个巨大的挑战,及时、早期发现川崎病,加用丙种球蛋白及阿司匹林抗炎,可控制冠状动脉病变的进展。对于合并冠状动脉损伤患者,长期、规范的随访心脏超声和心电图,必要时完善冠状动脉CT与冠状动脉造影,评估患者病情,调整治疗方案。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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