1例三联治疗难治性子宫内膜癌多发肺转移病案报道及文献复习
The Triple-Combination Therapy of Refractory Metastatic Endometrial Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1371585, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 197  浏览: 296  国家自然科学基金支持
作者: 刘 昕:西安医学院研究生院,陕西 西安;王天昶, 王锋刚, 刘秋芳*:陕西省肿瘤医院放疗病院,陕西 西安;穆允凤:陕西省肿瘤医院妇瘤病院,陕西 西安;刘 鹏:西安交通大学第一附属医院,MED-X再生与重建研究所,陕西 西安
关键词: 立体定向放射治疗替雷利珠单抗子宫内膜癌肺转移Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy Tislelizumab Endometrial Carcinoma Lung Metastasis
摘要: 目的:晚期子宫内膜癌一线治疗的疗效普遍较低,目前尚无标准的二线治疗方案。本研究旨在探讨化疗失败后的子宫内膜癌多发肺转移患者应用三联疗法的临床意义及抗肿瘤机制。方法:给予患者立体定向消融放疗、粒细胞–巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, GM- CSF)联合替雷利珠单抗的三联治疗。一共11个肺转移灶中的8个同时接受了50 Gy的SABR治疗。结果:治疗结束后6个月疗效评价为部分缓解。24个月后疗效评定为病情稳定。无进展生存期达24个月。本病例疗效显著,是首次将三联疗法应用在子宫内膜癌的病例报道。结论:基于这一病例,我们认为三联疗法是治疗子宫内膜癌肺转移患者的一种非常有潜力的二线治疗方法,值得进一步探索。
Abstract: Purpose: The therapeutic efficacy of first-line treatment for advanced endometrial carcinoma (EC) is generally reported to be low, and currently, there are no standard second-line treatment options. In this study, we aimed to explore the clinical significance and antitumor mechanism of tri-ple-combination therapy administered to a patient with chemotherapy-resistant, multiple lung metastases EC. Methods: The patient had 11 pulmonary metastatic lesions and underwent a triple- combination therapy with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), granulocyte-macrophage col-ony-stimulating factor, and tislelizumab. Specifically, eight of these lesions received SABR treat-ment with a radiation dose of 50 Gy. Results: The therapy resulted in partial response after six months. The patient attained a progression-free survival period of 24 months. This case marks the first documented instance of effective application of triple-combination therapy in treating EC. Con-clusion: We opine that this therapy holds great promise as a second-line treatment for EC patients who have developed lung metastases. Notwithstanding the promising results, further exploration of this treatment avenue is warranted.
文章引用:刘昕, 王天昶, 穆允凤, 刘鹏, 王锋刚, 刘秋芳. 1例三联治疗难治性子宫内膜癌多发肺转移病案报道及文献复习[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(7): 11340-11347. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1371585

1. 背景

子宫内膜癌是最常见的妇科癌症,是女性癌症相关死亡的常见原因 [1] 。随着人口老龄化和肥胖的增加,其发病率一直在增加 [2] 。经过标准化的初步治疗,7%~15%的早期和40%的晚期子宫内膜癌患者仍有复发或转移 [3] 。大多数子宫内膜癌的复发或转移发生在最初治疗的三年内 [4] 。肺转移占病例的20%~25% [4] 。局部复发和远处转移的5年总生存率分别为55%和17% [4] 。发生多发肺转移后一线治疗方案为卡铂和紫杉醇(PC),也可与贝伐单抗或曲妥珠单抗的联合 [2] [5] 。然而,目前对于一线治疗失败的子宫内膜癌术后多发性肺转移患者尚无标准二线治疗方法。

近年来,立体定向消融放射治疗(stereotactic body radiotherapy, SABR)联合免疫治疗在肿瘤治疗中的应用日益受到重视 [6] [7] 。有学者 [8] [9] [10] [11] 报道了将SABR与粒细胞–巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF)联合免疫检查点抑制剂应用于一线治疗失败的转移性肿瘤的个案病例,结果显示三联疗法之间的协同作用可以显著提高抗肿瘤治疗的效果,甚至对放疗靶区外的转移瘤有一定的控制作用。我们尝试将该疗法应用于肺多发转移性子宫内膜癌的二线治疗中,并且取得了不错的疗效。三联治疗是一种值得进一步探索的二线治疗方式。希望本个案能为转移性子宫内膜癌的治疗提供新思路。

2. 病案详情

2015年5月,一位52岁的女性在当地医院确诊为子宫内膜癌,并接受了广泛的子宫切除术、双侧附件切除术和盆腔淋巴清扫术。术后病理提示:子宫弥漫型内膜样腺癌II级侵及浅肌层,向下累及宫颈管。一侧输卵管见癌组织。阴道切缘未见癌组织,淋巴结及双侧卵巢未见癌组织。术后行3周期白蛋白紫杉醇联合卡铂化疗和局部辅助放射治疗后疾病基本控制稳定。2020年7月该患者复查胸部CT时提示肺部出现11个转移灶。遂以子宫内膜癌肺多发转移首次就诊于我院。我们排除其他部位转移及相关禁忌后,给予她一线治疗方案:白蛋白紫杉醇400 mg + 卡铂500 mg化疗6周期后,复查胸部CT提示所有肺部转移灶较之前均缩小,可达部分缓解。但患者在2021年3月复查时胸部CT提示所有转移灶均较前增大,考虑为一线治疗失败的肺多发转移性子宫内膜癌。

排除相关禁忌后,我们决定给予患者SABR和GM-CSF联合替雷利珠单抗的三联治疗,出于对周围正常组织的安全性考虑,我们选择性的给其中8个转移灶进行了有计划地SABR治疗。这8个病灶分别定义为GTVM1~GTVM8,每个GTV外放3 mm形成相应的PTV。计划处方剂量为50 Gy/10 Gy/5f,隔日照射。计划总体评价:96.3%的PTV体积接受了100%处方剂量;99.98%的PTV体积接受了90%的处方剂量。全肺V12.5为680.8 cc。另外两个转移灶(简称A和B),分别接受了2087.4 cGy和471.3 cGy的不经意照射;最后一个转移灶位于照射野外(简称C)未接受到照射。每次执行计划前都行CBCT验证,以确保放疗计划的精准实施。在放射治疗的第6日,给予皮下注射GM-CSF100µg·qd,持续8天(d6~d13),在使用GM-CSF的最后一天给予患者替雷利珠单抗200 mg静滴治疗,之后每21天进行1次PD-1抑制剂治疗(d34、d55),并于每次治疗前进行影像学评估。

患者于3周期免疫治疗后出现了轻度咳嗽咳痰的症状,查胸部CT (d74)提示肺炎及纤维化,考虑为放疗所致的2级放射不良反应,遂暂停替雷利珠单抗治疗,予以口服吡非尼酮,3个月后患者上述症状完全缓解。三联治疗结束后6个月时查胸部CT提示肺纤维化和炎症较前有所改善,转移灶M1~M8均消退;转移灶A和B的肿瘤最大直径分别较前缩小44.35%和5.6%,转移灶C较前增大8.26%,总体疗效评价为部分缓解。三联治疗结束后12个月时疗效评估为病情稳定,肺部转移灶控制可且未见新的转移灶。患者无进展生存达24个月,目前生活自理,没有任何不适的症状(图1)。

3. 讨论

3.1. 一线治疗失败的肺转移性子宫内膜癌的治疗。

对于一线治疗失败的子宫内膜癌肺转移患者尚无标准治疗推荐,可选择的治疗措施包括手术、放疗、化疗、免疫治疗、靶向治疗和联合治疗等。

临床实践中绝大多数一线治疗失败的肺多发转移性子宫内膜癌患者已丧失手术切除肺部转移灶的机会 [2] ,ESGO/ESTRO/ESP指南建议使用IMRT或VMAT引导下的大分割放射治疗联合系统治疗复发转移灶。并且当原发肿瘤控制良好时,部分转移灶经放射治疗后可以延长患者的无病间隔期,甚至有可能被治愈 [2] 。SABR 也属于大分割放射治疗,其对肿瘤有良好的控制作用的同时还能更好的保护周围组织 [12] ,对肺转移病灶疗效确切 [13] [14] [15] [16] ,两年局部控制率可达94% [13] 。

免疫检查点抑制剂逐渐被应用于复发或转移性子宫内膜癌治疗中。2022年公布的GARNET [17] 的I期实验中期结果显示,多塔利单抗对于铂类化疗失败的晚期子宫内膜癌来说,dMMR/MSI-H患者的客观缓解率达43.5%,pMMR/MSS患者的客观缓解率达14.1%。2022年替雷利珠单抗治疗既往标准治疗失败的转移性MSI-H/dMMR实体瘤的II期研究 [18] 中,75例患者中子宫内膜癌占13例,客观缓解率高达

Figure 1. Comparative CT images of the patient’s chest at different time points. Numbers 1~8 represent metastatic lesions that were concurrently treated with 50 Gy SABR. Lesion A received a radiation dose of 2087.4 cGy, lesion B received a dose of 471.3 cGy, and lesion C was outside the radiation field

图1. 患者治疗前后的胸部CT比较图。数字1~8代表同时行50 Gy SABR治疗的肺部转移灶。病变A接受的辐射剂量为2087.4 cGy,病变B接受的剂量为471.3 cGy,病变C在照射野外

46.2%。帕博利珠单抗、纳武利尤单抗、替雷利珠单抗、多塔利单抗等均成为复发转移性子宫内膜癌的二线2级推荐药物 [2] 。

联合治疗模式也在不断探索中。其中注射帕博利珠单抗与口服仑伐替尼联合用药都能使无论微卫星状态如何的子宫内膜癌患者均获益 [19] [20] 。2022年发布的第3阶段开放随机的309/Keynote-775实验 [20] 结果显示帕博利珠单抗联合仑伐替尼组对铂类治疗失败的晚期子宫内膜癌患者安全有效,无进展生存期达7.2月,总体生存达12.1月。NCT02912572研究是正在进行的有关他拉唑帕尼联合阿维单抗治疗pMMR复发转移性子宫内膜癌的放标签、单臂、2期的非随机对照试验,第2阶段 [21] 结果显示接受治疗的35名患者的客观缓解率达11.4%,治疗后6个月时有22.9%的患者无进展,目前该实验仍在随访中。

3.2. 三联治疗的机制及应用

许多学者认为SABR和生物免疫调节剂联合免疫抑制剂治疗癌症时,可以增强全身免疫应答,发挥更强的抗肿瘤作用,并且可激发远隔效应,是一种非常有潜力的治疗方式 [8] [9] [10] [11] [22] 。SABR不仅可以通过直接产生DNA双链不可修复的断裂来杀死肿瘤细胞 [23] ,还可以发现或释放先前隐藏的抗原,增强肿瘤细胞表面MHC-I的表达,促进细胞因子和趋化因子的释放,从而促进多种免疫细胞对肿瘤的渗透 [24] [25] [26] 。还能提高T细胞和NK细胞的识别和杀伤能力,导致更多的免疫原性细胞死亡,从而增强免疫检查点抑制剂的全身抗肿瘤效应 [6] [27] [28] [29] 。树突状细胞是主要的抗原提呈细胞,Mayoux [30] 开发了一种计算肿瘤相关树突状细胞表达的算法,来衡量免疫治疗与树突状细胞表达之间的关系,结果显示高表达患者的总体生存率较低表达有所改善,并且树突状细胞在放射治疗的原位疫苗效应和增强免疫检查点抑制剂中发挥重要作用。SBRT则通过增加肿瘤相关抗原的表达进一步促进树突状细胞的抗原交叉提呈,刺激抗原特异性细胞毒CD8+T细胞的活性 [29] ,使得其与PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂联合使用可产生长期的抗肿瘤效果。

替雷利珠单抗是一种人源化的IgG4单克隆抗体,对PD-1具有高亲和力和结合特异性,被设计用来减少Fcγ受体与巨噬细胞的结合,从而消除抗体依赖的细胞吞噬作用。它可阻止PD-1与其配体的结合,因此具有免疫治疗作用,从而提高抗癌免疫活性 [31] 。GM-CSF则是一种生物免疫调节剂,可作为一种促燃剂直接或间接增强机体的抗肿瘤效应。GM-CSF可促进单核巨噬细胞和树突状细胞的分化,促进树突状细胞的增殖、成熟和迁移,可以通过增强树突状细胞活性和抗原提呈作用来提高放射免疫治疗效应 [32] [33] 。GM-CSF联合PD-1抑制剂时可通过增强抗原提呈,间接募集T细胞进入肿瘤微环境,通过增强免疫细胞的活性来增提高PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的疗效,发挥显著的抗肿瘤作用 [32] ,还与SABR联合时协助将肿瘤转化为原位疫苗 [8] [28] ,这些协同作用最终增强了肿瘤微环境对免疫治疗响应,从而在局部和未照射的肿瘤中产生显著的抗肿瘤活性,激发远隔效应 [10] [11] [22] [25] [26] 。

近年来有不少三联治疗的个案及相关研究。NCT04106180 [22] 是有关信迪利单抗、SBRT联合GM-CSF应用于一线治疗失败的非小细胞肺癌的多中心单臂临床研究,2021年公布的其II期研究结果提示三联治疗是一种安全地治疗措施,目前该研究仍在进行中。2021年He [9] 等人报道了一例难治性转移性Hürthle细胞甲状腺癌的抢救治疗病例,该患者接受信迪利单抗、SABR和GM-CSF联合治疗肾上腺转移,成功诱发远程效应,该患者肾上腺和肺部转移灶均较前缩小,且未出现无法耐受的不良反应。2022年Hong Xu [10] 报道了一例特瑞普利单抗联合SABR和GM-CSF挽救性治疗pMMR的转移性胃癌,结果显示PRaG治疗2个周期后完全缓解,无进展生存期达14个月,ECOG功能状态评分从2分提高到0分,三联治疗取得了显著的全身效应。2022年ChiCTR1900026175研究 [11] 公布了其PRaG治疗II期实验结果,在中位随访16.4个月的54位不同来源的转移瘤患者中,PRaG治疗客观缓解率为16.7%,疾病控制率为46.3%,中位无进展生存期为4.0个月,中位总生存期为10.5个月,仅发生了6例不小于3及不良事件。

在本个案报道中,患者由于当时药品费用太过昂贵而拒绝使用二线推荐药物帕博利珠单抗,自愿选择SABR联合GM-CSF和替雷利珠单抗的三联治疗。考虑到转移性肿瘤之间存在异质性,我们应该在治疗时尽量暴露出更多的肿瘤抗原,也就是要安全地选择多个转移灶行SBRT [7] [34] 。由于本患者的11个肺部转移灶中有2个是中央型转移灶(A和B),若与M1-M8同时行放射治疗时会显著增加放射不良反应发生风险;还有1个位于膈肌附近的转移灶C,其较大的呼吸动度会明显增加周围正常组织受照射剂量。所以最终计划性的给予8个转移灶足量SABR治疗,希望通过联合免疫及GM-CSF激活全身免疫反应,对剩下的3个转移灶也发挥抗肿瘤治疗作用。结果显示,三联治疗不仅对靶转移灶有效,还对靶区外的转移灶有一定控制作用。

三联治疗的协同抗肿瘤作用越来越受到重视,其应用在不同瘤种中的临床试验正在开展中(NCT03474497、ChiCTR2000035817、NCT03958383、NCT04106180、NCT05115500)。但我们在网站上没有检索到关于三联疗法在子宫内膜癌多发肺转移治疗中应用的病例报道、实验研究及临床试验。本个案报道首次将三联治疗应用在子宫内膜癌中,在期待上述临床实验研究结果的同时,希望通过本个案报道对转移性子宫内膜癌二线治疗提供新诊疗思路。

3.3. 本病例报道存在如下缺陷

一方面,该患者发生肺转移后未行免疫组化及基因检测。患者于2020年8月首次就诊于我院时已确诊肺部多发转移。ESGO/ESTRO/ESP指南为检测子宫内膜癌患者的MMR状态/微卫星不稳定性、PD-L1表达率和抗肿瘤靶向药物突出基因靶点检测是非常重要的,有助于后续治疗方案的选择 [2] 。但是患者当时拒绝行任何有创操作的检查,所以我们无法根据进一步检查结果指导治疗。

另一方面,该患者在开始治疗后第74天复查时出现了2级放射不良反应,为了避免免疫药物联合放疗加重肺部不良反应的发生,暂停三联治疗。回顾该患者的放疗计划,根据2019年Andrea [35] 的RTOG 0813试验推荐,5次分割的SABR应满足全肺V12.5 < 1500 cc;全肺V13.5 < 1000 cc。本个案中放疗计划均符合上述危险器官剂量限制标准。Kong [36] 一项有关SABR导致肺部损伤的回顾性分析表示,双肺平均受照剂量Dmean应不大于8 Gy。但该患者的双肺平均受照剂量Dmean为11.7 Gy,超出推荐剂量,这可能是患者发生2级放射不良反应的原因。提示我们在制定肺多发转移放疗计划时,应该慎重考虑放疗计划的可行性及安全性,尽量多方面参考专家意见来优化放疗计划,最大限度降低放射不良反应。

4. 结论

总之,对于一线治疗失败的子宫内膜癌术后多发肺转移的患者来说,我们可以选择三联SABR和GM-CSF联合替雷利珠单抗治疗,并且该三联治疗方案安全有效。

基金项目

国家自然科学基金项目(82000624)。

参考文献

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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