预后免疫营养指数与腹腔镜结肠癌患者预后的相关性分析
Analysis on Correlation between Prognostic Immunenutritional Index with Prognosis of Patients with Colon Cancer after Laparoscopic Surgery
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.1381781, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 218  浏览: 302 
作者: 刘 伟, 于 洋, 陈占峰, 庄加红, 房绍馨, 许崇祥*:日照市人民医院普外科,山东 日照;王 艳:日照市人民医院重症医学科,山东 日照
关键词: 预后免疫营养指数腹腔镜结肠癌预后Prognostic Immune Nutritional Index Laparoscopic Surgery Colon Cancer Prognosis
摘要: 目的:探究预后免疫营养指数(PINI)与腹腔镜下结肠癌切除患者临床病理特征的关系,及其对结肠癌患者预后的影响。方法:回顾性分析接受腹腔镜根治性切除术的210例结肠癌患者资料,采用Clavien-Dindo评分对术后并发症分级。计算患者术前PINI值,将患者分为低PINI组与高PINI组,采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法分析PINI与临床病理特征的关系;采用Kaplan-Meier曲线进行生存分析;应用单因素及多因素分析PINI对患者术后并发症(CD评分 ≥ 2级)及远期死亡率的影响。结果:两组患者在年龄、体重指数、CEA、T分期、淋巴结转移、肿瘤大小、住院时间、术后并发症(CD评分 ≥ 2级)均有显著差异(P < 0.05),logistic多因素回归分析得出,低PINI值(OR = 2.926, 95%CI: 1.919~3.521, P < 0.01)是影响患者术后并发症的独立危险因素;低PINI患者的5年总生存率明显低于高PNI患者(71.9% vs 84.3%, P < 0.05);采用Cox多因素生存分析提示,低PINI值(RR = 2.093, 95%CI: 2.560~8.171, P < 0.05)、T ≥ 3期(RR = 2.491, 95%CI: 1.181~5.255, P < 0.05)是患者5年生存率的独立预测因子。结论:对于腹腔镜根治性切除术的结肠癌患者,术前低PINI提示患者预后不良,PINI是影响患者预后的重要独立危险因素,有助于个性化治疗决策制定。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the correlation between prognostic immunenutritional index and postop-erative outcomes in patients with colon cancer treated with laparoscopic surgery, and to evaluate its predictive value. Methods: The clinical data of 210 patients with colon cancer who underwent curative laparoscopic colectomy were analyzed retrospectively. Clavien-Dindo grading standard was used to evaluate postoperative complications. The patients were classifified into Low-PINI group and High-PINI group. The relationship between PINI and clinicopathological features was analyzed by χ2 test or Fisher’s exacttest; survival analysis was described by Kaplan-Meier curve; univariate and multivariate analysis were used to analyze the factors that might affect the complications (CD grade ≥ 2) and overall survival. Results: There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, body mass index, CEA, Clinical T status, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, hospital stay, postoperative complications (CD grade ≥ 2) (P < 0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that Low-PINI value (OR = 2.926, 95%CI: 1.919~3.521, P < 0.01) was independent risk factors for postoperative complications. The 5-year overall survival rate of Low-PINI patients was significantly lower than those of High-PINI patients (71.9% vs 84.3%, P < 0.05). The Cox regression analysis showed that low PINI (RR = 2.093, 95%CI: 2.560~8.171, P < 0.05) and Clinical T status (T ≥ 3) (RR = 2.491, 95%CI: 1.181~5.255, P < 0.05) were independent risk factors for overall survival rate. Con-clusion: For patients with colon cancer treated with laparoscopic surgery, preoperative low PINI in-dicates poor prognosis, and PINI is an important independent risk factor affecting patient prognosis, which helps to make personalized treatment decisions.
文章引用:刘伟, 王艳, 于洋, 陈占峰, 庄加红, 房绍馨, 许崇祥. 预后免疫营养指数与腹腔镜结肠癌患者预后的相关性分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(8): 12703-12711. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1381781

1. 前言

结肠癌是我国消化系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,标化发病率和死亡率分别为11.4/10万、5.4/10万,且仍处于上升趋势 [1] [2] 。目前,随着微创技术的发展,腹腔镜手术已成为大部分结肠癌的首选治疗方法,其术后并发症发生率(4.17%)显著低于对照组(18.75%),且住院时间(10.09 ± 2.38 d)低于开放手术住院时间(13.51 ± 3.66 d) [3] [4] 。但仍有相当一部分接受腹腔镜手术的患者术后出现较为严重的并发症,影响患者预后 [5] 。为了更好地指导临床治疗,临床亟需探究新的预后标志。

肿瘤相关炎症与肿瘤进展密切相关,单核细胞、淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞和白蛋白,对结直肠癌预后的影响已被证实,III/IV期CRC患者的5年生存率也因炎症评分而存在显著差异(73.0% vs 47.5%) [6] [7] [8] 。2022年Jung等通过分析白蛋白、纤维蛋白原、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞、血小板和白细胞7项术前血液参数,提出预后免疫营养指数(Prognostic Immune Nutritional Index, PINI)的概念,并证实其可用于评估癌症手术患者的预后 [9] 。但对于腹腔镜手术的结肠癌患者,术后近远期预后与PINI之间的关系尚未报道,本研究旨在探究PINI与临床病理特征的关系,揭示其对腹腔镜结肠癌患者预后的影响。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年12月在我院接受腹腔镜原发性结肠腺癌根治性切除术的患者资料,结果共有210例患者纳入本研究,其中男108例,女102例,中位年龄为65岁,年龄范围为29~87岁。本研究符合《赫尔辛基宣言》的要求。患者及家属均签署知情同意书。

2.2. 纳入标准和排除标准

纳入标准:1) 术前经病理活检确诊为结肠癌;2) 术前未给予肠内外营养;3) 术后随访资料较完整;4) 未行新辅助治疗。

排除标准:1) 术前或术中发现有不可切除的远处转移;2) 术中中转开腹;3) 急诊手术;4) 病历资料收集不全;5) 术前存在感染等炎性疾病。

2.3. 研究方法

术前1周内抽血检查,PINI计算公式:PINI = 血清白蛋白(g/L) × 0.09 − 单核细胞(×109/L) × 0.0007。本研究中,患者术后1月内出现并发症情况为预后观察指标,并使用Clavien-Dindo分级法分级:Clavien-Dindo分级2级或更高的患者为有并发症,0级或1级的患者为无并发症。根据PINI数值,将患者分为:高PINI组(PINI ≥ 3)和低PINI组(PINI < 3),比较两组患者的临床特征和术后转归 [9] 。并分析影响术后并发症以及术后患者生存率的独立危险因素。

2.4. 随访

所有患者随访至2022年12月,随访终点为死亡,主要方式为电话随访及术后门诊信息,了解患者术后并发症和生存情况。

2.5. 统计学方法

采用SPSS24.0统计学软件进行数据分析,正态分布的计量资料以均数 ± 标准差表示,组间比较用t检验,偏态分布的计量资料以M (范围)表示,组间比较Mann-Whitney U检验,计数资料以率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用logistic回归分析对患者术后并发症进行单因素和多因素分析,采用Kaplan-Meier法制作生存曲线,组间用log-rank检验进行比较,采用Cox比例风险模型对患者生存情况进行多因素分析。P < 0.05差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 腹腔镜下结肠癌切除术后并发症发生情况

本研究中,共纳入210例患者,男性108例,女性102例,中位年龄65 (29~87)岁。根据Clavien-Dindo分级,有并发症为28例,无并发症为182例。其中CD分级2级有14例,CD分级3级为13例,CD分级4级为1例Clavien-Dindo分级2级或更高的患者术后并发症主要包括切口感染、肠梗阻、腹腔感染、术后出血、胃肠吻合口瘘等。见表1

Table 1. Complications of Clavien-Dindo Grade 2 and above

表1. Clavien-Dindo分级2级及以上并发症情况

3.2. 高、低PNI患者临床特征及术后转归分析

在210例患者中,高PINI组(PINI ≥ 3)有121例,低PINI组(PINI < 3)有89例,比较两组临床特征、手术和术后结果。结果显示:与高PINI组相比,低PINI组年龄较大、BMI低、血清CEA水平高、浸润程度高、淋巴结转移阳性率高、术中出血量多、肿瘤体积大、术后并发症发生率高、术后住院时间长,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2

Table 2. Analysis of clinical characteristics and postoperative outcomes of patients with high and low prognostic immune nutritional index

表2. 高、低预后免疫营养指数患者临床特征及术后转归的分析

3.3. 影响术后并发症发生的单因素及多因素分析

将患者性别、年龄、糖尿病、体重指数(BMI)、肿瘤大小、肿瘤T分级、手术时间、出血量、PINI纳入logistic回归分析,单因素分析结果显示,BMI < 25 kg/m2、肿瘤 ≥ 5 cm、手术时间 ≥ 200 min、术中出血量 ≥ 20 ml以及术前PINI < 3与术后并发症发生相关;将P < 0.05指标行多因素分析,结果显示,较长的手术时间及术前低PINI是术后并发症发生的独立危险因素。见表3

Table 3. Analysis of single and multiple factors influencing postoperative complications

表3. 影响术后并发症发生的单因素及多因素分析

3.4. 影响患者5年生存率(OS)的单因素及多因素分析

患者中位随访期为59个月(8~79),采用Kaplan-Meier法制作生存曲线,低PINI组5年生存率明显低于高PINI组(71.9% vs 84.3%, P < 0.05)见图1。采用Cox回归分析对患者5年OS行单因素多因素分析,结果显示低PINI和T分期高(≥3)是其独立危险因素。见表4

Figure 1. Comparison of 5-year overall survival time curves in patients with laparoscopic radical resection of colon cancer

图1. 腹腔镜根治性切除结肠癌患者5年总体生存时间曲线比较

Table 4. Univariate and multivariate analysis of factors affecting 5-year survival rate of patients

表4. 影响患者5年生存率的单因素及多因素分析

4. 讨论

与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜手术创伤小、术后肠道功能恢复快、全身应激反应小,这使得对于同分期的患者,两种治疗方式可能存在不同的近远期预后 [10] 。因此探讨腹腔镜结肠癌切除手术预后的影响因素具有重要意义,有助于后续个性化治疗方案的制定。本研究结果显示,对于接受腹腔镜根治性切除术的结肠癌患者,术前低预后免疫营养指数(PINI)是影响术后近远期预后的独立危险因素。

全身炎症反应和炎症标志物与肿瘤进展之间的关系及其对恶性肿瘤患者生存率的影响已得到广泛研究 [11] [12] 。在肿瘤恶性中,使用生化和血液学标志物来评估全身炎症反应对术后并发症及预后的影响,CRP浓度升高,白细胞、中性粒细胞和血小板计数升高以及低白蛋白血症提示预后不良 [13] [14] [15] 。长期的炎症微环境影响细胞增殖,导致细胞生长失控,导致过度增殖和肿瘤发生 [16] 。炎症反应在致癌过程中至关重要,各种炎症细胞和先天免疫系统信号分子(如中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、血小板和单核细胞)参与肿瘤进展 [17] 。因此,代表系统性炎症反应的中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比率(NLR)、血小板/淋巴细胞比率(PLR)、淋巴细胞/单核细胞比值(LMR)和预后营养指数(PNI)是影响结直肠癌的预后因素 [18] [19] [20] [21] 。通过患者术前血清白蛋白水平和外周血单核细胞计数得出的预后免疫营养指数(PINI),不仅能反映患者的营养状况,还能反映患者的炎症状态,是显示营养和炎症强有力的指标。

在本研究中,采用Clavien-Dindo评分系统进行并发症分级,CD分级2级及以上并发症总的发生率为13%,低PINI组有18例(20.2%),高PINI组有10例(8.3%),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),纳入多因素回归分析,结果提示低PINI与术后2级及以上并发症的发生存在相关性,是其预后危险因素(OR = 2.926, 95%CI: 1.919~3.521, P = 0.002),这与Jung等的研究结果一致 [9] 。研究还发现,低PINI组术后感染性并发症发生率较高,包括切口感染、肺部感染以及泌尿系感染,这也说明低PINI患者的机体免疫功能是下降的。因此,对于PINI值较低的患者,为了降低术后并发症的风险,术前给予营养支持是必要的。

关于PINI临界值的选取目前尚无统一标准,Jung等人选取的临界值为3,所以我们研究中选择了相同的临界点 [9] 。在本研究中,只纳入了接受腹腔镜根治性切除手术的结肠癌患者,选取的PNI临界值为3,结果显示,低PINI患者5年生存率明显低于高PINI患者(71.9% vs 84.3%, P = 0.019),多因素分析结果显示低PINI是结肠癌患者的独立危险因素(OR = 2.093, 95%CI: 2.560~8.171, P = 0.018)。这表明,PINI值越低,患者的预后越差,生存率越低。

PINI与患者的年龄、体重指数(BMI)、TNM分期、肿瘤大小等相关,低PINI组患者的BMI偏低,TNM级别较高,肿瘤标志物(CEA)高,提示术前较低的PINI与恶性肿瘤的侵袭性相关,这与Jung等的发现是一致 [9] 。虽然白蛋白是一种营养标志物,但无论营养不良与否,其浓度都会受到炎症的影响 [22] 。高肿瘤负荷可产生大量炎性细胞因子,进而抑制肝脏白蛋白合成 [23] [24] 。多项研究表明,血清白蛋白是结直肠癌生存的独立预后因素 [25] [26] [27] 。单核细胞是癌症的主要炎症成分之一,通过血管生成和侵袭促进肿瘤进展 [28] [29] 。循环单核细胞浸润炎症部位,在肿瘤微环境中分化为巨噬细胞,并促进肿瘤细胞迁移 [30] [31] 。这些可能是PINI成为各种恶性肿瘤预后较好预测指标的理论基础。

5. 结论

综上所述,本研究发现术前低PINI患者术后并发症发生率更高,肿瘤侵袭性更强,远期生存率更低。证实PINI是腹腔镜结肠癌手术患者近远期预后的独立危险因素,对患者预后的预测价值较大,为患者术后辅助治疗提供重要参考。本研究也存在一定的局限性,本研究是单中心回顾性研究,且纳入的患者数较少,部分研究结果产生偏倚,尚需多中心大样本研究来证实。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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