慢性鼻窦炎的内型与临床诊疗相关研究进展
Research Progress on the Internal Types of Chronic Sinusitis and Its Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13112584, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 121  浏览: 208 
作者: 拉乐·艾合买提:新疆医科大学第四临床学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐;罗永海:新疆医科大学附属中医院耳鼻喉科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: CRS内型鼻息肉炎症CRS Endotype Nasal Polyps Inflammation
摘要: 慢性鼻窦炎(chronic rhinosinusitis, CRS)是一种常见的临床综合征,给我们的卫生系统带来了巨大的发病率和成本。CRS的研究已经从一个以表型为中心的时代发展到包括以内型为基础的信息时代。表型分类根据内镜观察到的特征(如是否有鼻息肉、是否有合并症或全身性疾病以及疾病发病时间)确定了CRS的临床异质性。最近,基于实验室的研究结果根据特定的机制或分子生物标志物确定了CRS的内分型。临床内分型疾病改进方法的开发和使用,正在扩大目前针对2型炎症的生物疗法的使用,也许在不久的将来会针对其他炎症内分型。本文从提高对CRS发病机制的认识、治疗方法和结局的角度出发,将结合近年来的研究对其进行综述。
Abstract: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common clinical syndrome, which brings huge morbidity and cost to our health system, the study of CRS has developed from aphenotype-centered era to an infor-mation age based on endogenous types. Phenotypic classification has determined the clinical het-erogeneity of CRS based on endoscopic features such as the presence of nasal polyps, the presence of comorbidities or systemic diseases, and the timing of disease onset. Recently, based on laboratory research results, the internal typing of CRS was determined according to specific mechanisms or molecular biomarkers. The development and use of improved methods for clinical classification of diseases are expanding the use of biotherapy for type 2 inflammation at present, and may be aimed at other types of inflammation in the near future. In order to improve the understanding of the pathogenesis, treatment and outcome of CRS, this paper will review it with the research in recent years.
文章引用:拉乐·艾合买提, 罗永海. 慢性鼻窦炎的内型与临床诊疗相关研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(11): 18400-18406. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13112584

1. CRS的概述

慢性鼻窦炎(chronic rhinosinusitis, CRS)是最常见的慢性上呼吸道黏膜炎症性疾病之一 [1] 。流行病学调查研究发现CRS在西方国家人群中患病率约5%~12%,在我国人群中的患病率也高达8% [1] [2] ,常合并哮喘及慢性阻塞性疾病等下呼吸道疾病,已成为严重的公共健康问题。最新版欧洲鼻窦炎和鼻息肉意见书2020 (EPOS 2020)指出CRS诊断标准中四个主要症状为鼻塞、流涕/鼻涕倒流、面部疼痛/肿胀感以及嗅觉减退或丧失 [3] 。临床上,CRS分为慢性鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉(CRS with nasal polyps, CRSwNP)与慢性鼻窦炎不伴鼻息肉(CRS without nasal polyps, CRSsNP) 2种表型 [4] ,这是目前国际广泛采用的分型模式。根据炎性细胞浸润情况分为:1) 中性粒细胞浸润为主;2) 嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophil, Eos)浸润为主;3) 淋巴细胞/浆细胞浸润为主;4) 混合型 [5] 。也有文献根据病变黏膜或息肉组织中Eos浸润程度将CRS分为嗜酸性粒细胞性慢性鼻窦炎(eosinophil chronic rhinosinusitis, ECRS)和非嗜酸性粒细胞性慢性鼻窦炎(non eosinophil chronic rhinosinusitis, NonECRS)两型 [6] ,目前尚缺乏统一的临床标准。越来越多研究显示CRSwNP与CRSsNP两者在免疫病理学特征、治疗、预后等方面存在诸多的不同。

慢性鼻窦炎主要是感染、超抗原、鼻内结构异常和增生物、变态反应、黏液纤毛功能障碍、免疫功能低下和神经内分泌失调等多种因素相互作用的结果。此病的发病因素较为复杂,若得不到及时有效的治疗容易出现迁延难愈的现象。由于不同的病因和病理生理学在预后和治疗上有相当大的差异,了解每种CRS亚型的不同潜在炎症模式对于获得良好的长期疗效非常重要 [7] [8] 。慢性鼻–鼻窦炎患者往往伴有鼻息肉,而慢性鼻–鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉具有发病机制复杂、根治困难、复发率高等特点 [9] 。许多研究调查了CRSwNP复发的危险因素,发现2型炎症的严重程度起着重要作用 [10] [11] 。

目前,息肉组织中的嗜酸性粒细胞(Eos)计数已被广泛证实为预测息肉复发的有用生物标志物 [12] [13] 。Lou等人10发现复发性CRSwNP患者的血Eos水平高于非复发性CRSwNP患者 [13] 。除此之外合并CRSwNP患者其鼻窦黏膜与支气管黏膜具有相同的炎症灶聚集,单纯手术清除鼻黏膜病灶后,支气管病变组织或炎性因子等仍会转移至鼻窦,诱导复发。然而现有的CRS诊断标准和基于单一临床表型进行的简化分类,不能充分反映发病机制的异质性和复杂性。与CRS表型相比,CRS内型分类是基于其潜在的病理生理机制对疾病变异进行分类,可以为不同的治疗方案提供依据,帮助临床医师通过患者的个体化治疗来降低CRS的复发率,提高术后生活质量,成为治疗难治性CRS的突破。

2. CRS的内型及相关研究

为了了解临床观察到的临床表现和结果的可变性,许多慢性疾病都按基因、表型和/或内型进行了分类 [14] 。内在型的概念首次是由Anderson [15] 提出,是指通过分子、免疫机制在功能和病理学上定义的疾病亚型。CRS的内型是指在发病过程中通过生物标志物对CRS患者的亚型进行分化,涉及到多层面的病理机制研究,包括鼻黏膜上皮屏障及其分泌的上皮肤细胞因子,鼻窦组织的重塑,间质CRS浸润的免疫细胞和炎症细胞,以及这些细胞分泌的IgE、化学递质和补体等。最近的研究试图根据特定的分子机制和来自这些通路的生物标志物来定义CRS内型,这些生物标志物似乎与表型、组织学特征和对治疗的应答有很强的相关性。由于需要大量的组织,病理学家的解释是可变的,内型分析不容易获得,结果可能受到治疗的影响或随着时间的推移不稳定,因此确定次要关联的内型分类具有挑战性 [16] 。

嗜酸性粒细胞是一种独特的粒细胞型白细胞,其数量和活性的异常增加与众多疾病相关,包括哮喘、湿疹、嗜酸性粒细胞相关型胃肠道紊乱疾病、高嗜酸性粒细胞综合征等,特别是ECRS [17] 。早期研究显示,西方国家CRSwNP中以嗜酸性粒细胞和肥大细胞浸润为主的类型明显高于亚洲 [18] [19] 。近年来,一些临床指标如外周血嗜酸粒细胞计数(PEAC)和CT评分被用于预测CRSwNP的内型 [20] [21] 。Lou等 [13] 研究表明组织嗜酸粒细胞比例>总细胞的27%或组织嗜酸粒细胞绝对计数>55个/高倍视野可以作为术后2年内鼻息肉复发的可靠预后指标。与非Eos CRSwNP相比,Eos CRSwNP被证明经常与广泛的嗅觉功能障碍 [22] [23] 、更高的哮喘发病率、对糖皮质激素治疗更敏感、更高的复发率和更高的CT评分相关。通过组织学炎症模式、包括组织嗜酸性粒细胞副产物的生物标记物和关键细胞因子进行的内毒素分型可能更好地代表CRS的细胞和分子病理生理机制 [24] 。在西方,CRSwNP患者的嗜酸性粒细胞和肥大细胞数量较多,而CRSsNP表达的中性粒细胞水平相对较高。组织学的异质性表明存在多个重叠的过程。此外,部分CRSsNP病例表现出嗜酸性粒细胞计数升高 [25] 。最近,在CRS的结构化组织病理学分类系统中,有人提出将组织重塑改变与效应细胞浸润相结合 [26] [27] 。区分内型的组织学表型仅与评估的炎症细胞计数或组织结构变化的特异性一样好。例如,虽然目前的证据表明息肉病反映了纤维蛋白基质的形成,但这一特征可能来自至少3种不同的炎症途径。虽然组织嗜酸性粒细胞增多和重塑可能有价值,但组织病理学特征尚未在指南中定义,仍处于实验阶段。

对CRS组织中基因表达的分析最终将重点转移到1型、2型和3型T淋巴细胞(也称为17型)产生的分子上。T1内型的特征是以Th1细胞、细胞毒性T细胞(cytotoxic T cells)、NK细胞和1型固有淋巴样细胞(Innate Lymphoid Cell, ILC1)产生的1型细胞因子IFN-γ为主要驱动因子。T2内型主要是由Th2细胞、肥大细胞、2型固有淋巴细胞(ILC2)和嗜酸性粒细胞产生的IL-4、IL-5和IL-13等2型细胞因子驱动的炎症。T3内型则是由Th17细胞、3型固有淋巴细胞(ILC3)产生的IL-17A、IL-22驱动的炎症 [28] 。在CD4+T细胞募集进入鼻黏膜的过程中,调节性T (regulatory T,调节性t细胞)细胞被认为通过调节Th1和Th2免疫平衡在鼻息肉的形成中发挥关键作用 [28] [29] 。已有研究对调节性t细胞(Treg)的功能进行了研究。部分研究结果表明,调节性t细胞与机体对自身抗原、食物和共生菌群抗原的耐受有关。此外,外周调节性t细胞数量或功能的降低会导致慢性免疫病理过程,如癌症和自身免疫性疾病 [30] 。最近的研究表明CRS内型存在地区差异。一项研究表明,在欧洲、中国、日本和澳大利亚的CRS患者中,Th1/Th2/Th17细胞因子谱在免疫内型方面存在差异 [31] 。Treg功能及分化受损在CRSwNP的发生和恶化中发挥重作用。Treg功能障碍导致Th1/Th2和Treg/Th17失衡 [32] 。Th2的高免疫反应导致IgE介导的嗜酸性粒细胞浸润和细胞水肿,促进了鼻窦黏膜的重塑。然而,CRSwNP的免疫过程存在地域差异。不同地区的研究提示,不同种族和地理环境对CRSwNP的免疫过程有影响 [33] 。

3. CRS内型与手术和药物治疗的关联

多年来,皮质类固醇一直被认为是CRS的主要治疗方法。皮质类固醇具有强效抗炎特性,对T2炎症的抑制作用大于T1和T3,这可能解释了皮质类固醇对CRSwNP的疗效优于CRSsNP [34] [35] 。在T2炎症的情况下,皮质类固醇抑制ILC2s、Th2细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞 [36] [37] 。然而,中性粒细胞对皮质类固醇的作用相对较有抵抗力 [38] 。抗T3炎症活性降低可能解释了亚洲CRSwNP以及一般CRSsNP与西方CRSwNP相比的临床试验中观察到的皮质类固醇反应性降低。支持这一观点的是,如果术后CRS患者鼻腔IL-8水平升高,则使用外用丙酸氟替卡松控制CRS的可能性较低 [39] 。局部皮质类固醇喷雾剂对炎症窦组织的接触有限,但大容量类固醇冲洗、改进的给药装置和类固醇浸渍植入物可提高疗效 [40] 。由T2炎症诱导的上皮屏障重塑缺损和基底细胞增生可被皮质类固醇部分逆转 [41] 。屏障缺陷可能反映了T2 CRS中表观遗传决定的事件导致的基底上皮细胞扩张,并可能增加抗原通路,加剧炎症 [42] 。

在适当的药物治疗失败后,手术是一种选择,但手术的程度仍然存在争议 [43] 。现代内镜鼻窦手术(ESS)可缓解鼻窦流出道阻塞,清除炎症组织,并为局部用药提供更好的通路。对于轻中度CRSsNP患者,通过球囊扩张或有限的ESS单独解除梗阻可能足够 [44] 。引起的黏液停滞促进微生物过度生长和传染性炎症,主要表现为非息肉样T1,3炎症。缓解局灶性梗阻或切除孤立性息肉在典型CRSwNP和重度CRSsNP等弥漫性炎症的CRS病例中价值较小,特别是在伴有T2炎症的情况下。该手术广泛扩大鼻窦流出道,切除筛窦分区和蝶骨面,但尽量保留未受损伤的鼻窦粘膜,特别是沿颅底。手术成功的最基本衡量标准是翻修手术的需求,根据最佳估计,翻修手术的需求在5年时为15%~20%,CRSsNP接近15%,CRSwNP接近20% [45] 。176充分的随访和术后药物治疗(包括鼻内高容量皮质类固醇冲洗)几乎可以肯定地降低翻修率,尽管其效果难以量化。手术后,从非常小的系列研究中,T2炎症减少的证据有限 [46] 。从内分型的角度来看,CRSwNP的手术失败率与T2嗜酸性炎症的存在及其强度相关 [47] 。即使组织中没有T2标志,T2炎症的系统性标记物,如血液嗜酸性粒细胞增多,也与手术失败相关。为了支持这一观点,最近对中国CRS患者进行的一项聚类分析使用了临床和分子变量来描述难以治疗的CRS和对治疗的应答 [48] 。例如,通过黏膜IL-5、IgE和嗜酸性粒细胞测定的T2炎症升高以及合并症哮喘的集群具有最严重的临床表现和不良结局。相反,另一项对中国患者进行的研究发现,尽管T2细胞因子IL-5以及T2生物标志物骨膜蛋白和CCL26在难以控制的CRSwNP中较高,但它们在单因素或多因素分析中不能预测这一结局 [49] 。相反,他们发现T2相关的上皮分泌半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂胱氨酸抑素SN显著预测不良结果。有限的现有数据表明,较高强度的T1和T3炎症也有利于手术失败。需要强调的是,许多研究T2生物标志物预测手术结局的大型研究是在亚洲进行的,特别是在CRSwNP具有更大的内源性异质性的中国。这些相同的生物标志物是否会在CRSwNP更均质T2的西方人群中被证明有用,仍然是一个积极研究的领域。对于未达到标准、完全(“满屋ESS”)的患者,研究者提出了三种不同的最大治疗方法:鼻化、Draf III (内镜Lothrop)和“重新启动”。鼻化手术积极地去除鼻窦黏膜和中鼻甲,为愈合和恢复提供了更多正常黏膜的可能性。Draf III去除额窦底和中鼻甲前部的骨和黏膜,最大限度地进入鼻窦腔进行术后局部皮质类固醇冲洗。“重新启动”手术本质上是将积极的粘膜切除与额窦底切除相结合。所有3种方法都有一些证据支持其用于复发性或高风险T2wNP,但尚未在试验中进行直接比较。“重新启动”手术提供了将积极切除的理论好处与改善药物输送相结合的潜在优势,这一假设得到了最近一项研究的支持 [50] 。虽然数据较为有限,但这些积极的方法可能也适用于手术复发的T1和T3 CRS。

4. 结论与展望

根据内型对CRS患者进行分类,将促进对CRS发病机制的深入研究,展示疾病亚群的生物标志物。三种主要内型,即T1、T2和T3,协调着三个不同的大集合基因的表达,这一发现促进了CRS表现广泛异质性的基础。内型的研究及应用将会让更多的患者获益,实现CRS患者的个性化治疗。我们期望能更好地理解CRS的内型,并优化个性化治疗,改善CRS的疗效并提高患者生活质量。

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