血清睾酮与前列腺癌关系的研究进展
Research Progress on the Relationship between Serum Testosterone and Prostate Cancer
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2023.13122836, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 102  浏览: 155  科研立项经费支持
作者: 卓 涛, 王玉杰, 安恒庆:新疆医科大学第一附属医院泌尿外科,新疆 乌鲁木齐
关键词: 前列腺癌睾酮睾酮替代疗法Prostate Cancer Testosterone Testosterone Replacement Therapy
摘要: 前列腺癌(Prostate Cancer, PCa)发病率在我国呈上升趋势,睾酮与PCa密切相关。过去认为高的血清睾酮是PCa的促进因素,但这一观点正在被逐渐打破,更多的研究发现治疗前低的血清睾酮水平是PCa的危险因素,并且接受睾酮替代疗法(Testosterone Replacement Therapy, TRT)似乎不会增加PCa发生和复发风险。本文对低、高血清睾酮水平以及TRT治疗与PCa关系的研究进行了综述。
Abstract: The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) is increasing in my country, and there is a close association between PCa and testosterone. Previously, it was believed that high levels of serum testosterone promoted PCa, but this belief is gradually being challenged. Recent studies have shown that low levels of serum testosterone before treatment are actually a risk factor for PCa. Furthermore, it has been found that receiving testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) does not increase the risk of developing or recurring PCa. This article provides a comprehensive review of the research on the relationship between low and high levels of serum testosterone, TRT treatment, and PCa.
文章引用:卓涛, 王玉杰, 安恒庆. 血清睾酮与前列腺癌关系的研究进展 [J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(12): 20150-20154. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13122836

1. 引言

全球癌症数据显示,前列腺癌(Prostate Cancer, PCa)新发病例数位居第四,占比达7.3%,PCa是威胁男性健康的首要癌症,在美国2023年预计将有190万新发癌症病例和609,820人死于癌症,其中PCa是美国男性的第一大癌症 ‎[1] ‎[2] 。睾酮和前列腺特异性抗原均是PCa患者的重要监测指标,治疗后血清睾酮达到去势水平是临床目标。但是治疗前血清睾酮水平与PCa的关系仍是一个有争论的话题,本文对血清睾酮及睾酮替代疗法(Testosterone Replacement Therapy, TRT)与PCa的关系进行了综述。

2. 睾酮的生理作用

睾酮是一种类固醇类激素,是人体内主要的雄激素,男女均有。男性90%以上的睾酮来自睾丸的间质细胞,少部分由肾上腺产生。在人体中,性激素结合球蛋白结合睾酮(40%~50%)、白蛋白结合睾酮(Albumin Binds Testosterone, Alb-T, 30%~50%)和游离睾酮(Free Testosterone, FT, 1%~2%)是血清总睾酮的三种主要存在形式,Alb-T与FT被称为生物可利用睾酮(Bioavailable Testosterone, Bio-T),具有生物活性的Bio-T能更好地作为生理状态或是病理状态的监测指标 ‎[3] 。睾酮对人类健康有着重要的作用,包括增强性欲、力量、免疫功能、对抗骨质疏松症等功效,另一方面睾酮在社会关系参与同性竞争和异性求偶也发挥着作用 ‎[4] 。随着年龄的增加,男性的体力、身体机能以及性欲也会减退,这可能与睾酮水平密切相关,因为睾酮水平低下的发生率会随着年龄的增长而增加,但睾酮与年龄的关系还不清楚,一项包含1486名男性的队列研究发现特定年龄睾酮的中间三分位数水平分别为409~558 ng/dL (20~24岁)、413~575 ng/dL (25~29岁)、359~498 ng/dL (30~34岁)、352~478 ng/dL (35~39岁)和350~473 ng/dL (40~44岁) ‎[5] ‎[6] 。有研究发现,睾酮有助于人类更好地适应社会压力,睾酮可以根据外部社会环境调节人体对外部压力的反应,适宜的睾酮水平可以改善焦虑和抑郁 ‎[7] ‎[8] 。在男性的泌尿生殖器官前列腺中,不论是良性的前列腺增生还是PCa都会受到睾酮的影响,前列腺是雄激素的主要靶器官 ‎[9] 。

3. 低血清睾酮与PCa的关系

因为Huggins和Hodges发现了雄激素剥脱疗法(Androgen Deprivation Therapy, ADT)在PCa中的作用,认为PCa具有雄激素依赖特性,高雄激素水平一直被作为促进PCa的危险因素 ‎[10] 。上世纪Morgentaler等首次发现性腺功能低下的男性PCa活检阳性率更高,后续研究中也发现了与Morgentaler等人一致的结果 ‎[11] ‎[12] ‎[13] 。之后越来越多的研究表明低睾酮水平与PCa的不良预后有关,睾酮与PCa发生发展之间的关系出现了不同的声音。Gao等在他们的一项多因素分析显示低血清睾酮是根治术后病理升级的独立预测因子(P = 0.01),同时Martin等发现睾酮水平大于11 nmol/L是降低生化复发风险的独立预测因子(HR = 0.53,95% CI为0.31~0.90,P = 0.02) ‎[14] ‎[15] 。其他研究也一致显示,在ADT治疗前血清总睾酮较低的PCa患者的疾病更具侵袭性、治疗效果和预后更差 ‎[16] ‎[17] 。

4. 高血清睾酮与PCa的关系

高血清睾酮水平与PCa关系的研究也呈现了不同的结果。Gann ‎[18] 等研究发现,与对照组相比,高血清睾酮男性发生PCa风险更高(OR = 2.6,95% CI为1.34~5.02,P = 0.004)。随后的一项Meta分析结果支持了Gann的发现,但该Meta分析只纳入了三项研究从而限制了结果的可靠性 ‎[19] 。高血清睾酮与PCa临床特征关系的研究结果也有所差异,有学者发现治疗前睾酮水平较高的男性病理结果Gleason ≥ 8分的风险更高,而另有学者认为高血清总睾酮水平与Gleason < 7分呈正相关 ‎[20] ‎[21] 。一项研究认为根治术前睾酮水平是预测早期生化复发的独立因素(HR = 1.43; P = 0.03),但是更多更大型的研究表明治疗前高血清睾酮是PCa的保护性因素 ‎[22] ‎[23] ‎[24] 。

5. TRT治疗与PCa的关系

PCa具有雄激素依赖的特性,过去把TRT视为PCa患者的禁忌,但目前并没有充足可靠的证据表明TRT会增加PCa诊断和进展的风险 ‎[25] 。Haider ‎[26] 等在他们的前瞻性队列研究中显示,接受TRT治疗的性腺功能低下男性中PCa的发病率低于长期随访的大型人群研究中的发病率。在对几十项无PCa的男性接受TRT治疗的前瞻性研究的回顾中,没有研究表明TRT和PCa风险之间存在关联 ‎[27] 。Kaplan等通过大型的流行病学调查显示TRT与PCa患者总死亡率和癌症特异性死亡率无关,Pastuszak等也发现根治术后接受TRT并不会增加PCa患者复发风险 ‎[28] ‎[29] 。但也有研究显示PCa患者在接受TRT治疗15个月后,43%的患者出现了PSA进展,其中7例患者在停药后出现了影像学进展 ‎[30] 。尽管目前研究有限,但睾酮缺乏男性接受TRT似乎不会增加PCa风险或PCa诊断时发生更具侵袭性疾病的可能性,在局部PCa治疗后接受TRT似乎也没有更高的复发率或更差的结局,TRT治疗的患者接受主动监测的早期报告也没发现不良进展事件 ‎[31] ‎[32] ‎[33] 。

6. 总结

血清睾酮水平与PCa的关系目前仍有争论,虽然越来越多的证据表明低血清睾酮与PCa风险相关,但睾酮和PCa的相互作用机制十分复杂,内在机制也未被完全阐明。TRT对PCa患者的安全性问题仍值得讨论。期待更大型更严谨的研究能给出答案。

基金项目

新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金重点项目(2022D01D39),新疆维吾尔自治区天山英才项目(2022TSYCCX0026)。

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