肝细胞癌伴门静脉癌栓的综合治疗进展
Advances in the Combined Treatments of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.141059, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 75  浏览: 146 
作者: 杜常杰, 伍红宇, 李金政*:重庆医科大学附属第二医院肝胆外科,重庆
关键词: 肝癌门静脉癌栓多学科治疗Hepatocellular Carcinoma Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis Multidisciplinary Therapy
摘要: 肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)是全世界最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,其死亡率位居前列。肝癌(HCC)合并门静脉癌栓(Portal vein tumor thrombosis, PVTT)是影响晚期肝癌预后的重要因素,治疗策略目前在国际上还没有达成共识临床,临床证据表明采取单一治疗改善预后的效果并不理想,近年来围绕手术治疗,介入治疗,放疗和系统治疗等多学科联合治疗成为新的治疗趋势。本文就肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的多学科综合治疗最新治疗研究进展进行综述。
Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies in the world with the high mortality rates. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) combining with portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) is an important factor affecting the prognosis of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, there is still no international consensus on therapeutic strategies, and the clinical evidence shows that the effect of single therapy on improving prognosis is not ideal. So, the multidisciplinary combination of surgery, interventional therapy, radiotherapy and systematic therapy has become a new therapeutic trend. This article reviews the latest research progress of multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis.
文章引用:杜常杰, 伍红宇, 李金政. 肝细胞癌伴门静脉癌栓的综合治疗进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(1): 410-419. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141059

1. 背景

肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)是最常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,是世界上癌症相关死亡的第三大原因 [1] 。肝癌(HCC)合并门静脉癌栓(PVTT)是影响晚期肝癌预后的重要因素,PVTT的发病率高达为44.0%~62.2% [2] ,这些患者大多数处于中晚期,预后极差,未经治疗的患者中位生存时间仅为2.7个月 [3] 。目前肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的治疗目前在国际上还没有达成共识。欧美等国家认为肝癌合并门静脉癌栓属于巴塞罗那(BCLC) C期,主要治疗策略是选用索拉非尼(Sorafenib)、仑伐替尼(Lenvatinib)、卡博替尼(Cabozantinib)、纳武单抗(Nivolumab)等系统性治疗 [4] 。相比之下,包括我国在内的许多亚洲国家的专家学者认为包括肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE),系统性治疗,手术切除,放疗(RT)等方案也可以获得相对满意的临床预后 [5] [6] [7] 。近年来临床数据表明采取单一治疗方案对肝癌伴门静脉癌栓患者的预后的改善效果并不理想 [8] ,随着新型药物的研发和新技术的发展,近年来围绕着手术治疗,肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)、肝动脉灌注化疗(HAIC),放疗和靶免治疗等方案的多学科联合治疗成为新的治疗趋势。本文就肝癌合并门静脉癌栓(PVTT)的多学科综合治疗最新治疗研究进展进行综述,旨在为临床提供参考。

2. PVTT的分型和基本治疗方式组成

2.1. PVTT的分型

PVTT分型主要是根据门静脉血管受累情况进行的分型,目前包括日本的VP分型 [9] 和我国的程式分型 [10] 。前者由日本肝细胞癌协会提出,分为以下4型:VP1型为癌栓局限于门静脉二级分支以远的分支;VP2型为癌栓累及门静脉二级分支;VP3型为癌栓累及门静脉一级分支;VP4型为癌栓累及门静脉主干或对侧门静脉分支。后者为我国程树群教授团队提出的程式分型,分为I~IV型:I型为癌栓侵犯二级或二级以远门静脉分支;II型为癌栓侵犯至门静脉左支或右支;III型为癌栓侵犯至门静脉主干;IV型为癌栓侵及肠系膜上静脉。PVTT的分型在预测HCC患者的预后和治疗方案选择方面起着重要的作用,对PVTT进行准确的分级,选择个体化治疗,更有益于患者的生存获益。

2.2. PVTT的基本治疗方式组成

2.2.1. 手术治疗

手术切除为肝癌合并PVTT患者提供了根治肿瘤的机会。手术可直接切除肿瘤原发灶及门静脉癌栓,消除肿瘤负荷的同时,还可降低门静脉压力,可在一定程度上可改善患者的肝功能和生活质量 [11] 。对于I/II型可切除PVTT患者,可以通过肝叶或半肝切除将PVTT及受累门静脉一并切除;对于III型可切除患者,在切除原发病灶后,PVTT可通过经肝断面门静脉断端取栓术、PVTT及受累门静脉切除后行门静脉重建和门静脉断端取栓并门静脉内膜剥脱术等手术方式完成切除 [12] [13] 。Lee等人 [14] 的回顾性研究显示手术治疗效果优于TACE或索拉非尼,明显提高患者的生存率,手术组、TACE组和索拉非尼组中位生存时间分别为19.9个月、6.6个月和6.2个月(P < 0.001)。因此对于可切除性肝癌伴PVTT患者,首选以手术切除为主的多学科联合治疗。

2.2.2. 介入治疗

经肝动脉介入治疗主要包括肝动脉栓塞(Transarterial embolization, TAE)、肝动脉化疗栓塞(Transarterial chemoembolization, TACE)和肝动脉灌注化疗(Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, HAIC)。TACE通过将栓塞剂和化疗药物注入肿瘤供血动脉,通过栓塞剂栓塞肿瘤动脉和提高局部抗肿瘤药物的浓度使肿瘤死亡,从而发挥抗肿瘤作用。根据栓塞剂不同,TACE分为传统TACE (conventional TACE, C-TACE)和载药微球TACE (Drug eluting beads-TACE, D-TACE),目前在PVTT中的应用,D-TACE展现出明显优于C-TACE的治疗效果 [15] [16] ,D-TACE组患者疾病控制率(DCR)更佳(76.2% vs 53.7%, P = 0.031),总生存期更长(mOS:12.0 vs 5.0个月,P < 0.001) [15] 。肝动脉灌注化疗(HAIC)是通过动脉导管,将化疗药物直接运送至肝动脉内,从而提高肝内局部化疗药的血药浓度,达到肿瘤杀伤作用,同时可减少其全身毒性的一种新兴技术。化疗药物包括铂类(顺铂/奥沙利铂)和氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)等,化疗间隔周期通常为3~4周,可用于各类门静脉癌栓 [13] ,在主干型门静脉癌栓中,HAIC或者HAIC联合TACE的治疗表现明显优于TACE [17] [18] 。

经静脉介入治疗主要为门静脉支架置入,通过向病人门静脉狭窄段植入支架,使门静脉血流再通,尽管支架本身并没有杀伤肿瘤的作用,但可通过恢复门静脉血流,从而改善肝功能,降低静脉压力,尤其适用于主干PVTT,同时可联合TACE、放疗等治疗方案,提高治疗效果。

2.2.3. 放射治疗

放射治疗是一种通过电离辐射起作用的局部治疗,在控制和杀伤原发灶,延缓肿瘤发展的同时,还能使门静脉癌栓缩小甚至实现降期,随着技术的快速发展,逐渐成为了治疗PVTT的一种有效方式 [19] 。放疗分为外放射治疗和内放射治疗,前者主要包括三维适形放疗(Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, 3D-CRT)、调强放射治疗(Intensity modulated radiation therapy, IMRT)和立体定向放射治疗(Stereotactic body radiation therapy, SBRT)等,随着放疗技术的进步,可实现对靶区剂量提高的同时,最大限度地保护正常组织,可适用于肝癌合并所有类型PVTT [8] [20] 。后者主要包括碘-125 (I-125)粒子,经肝动脉放疗栓塞(Transarterial radioembolization, TARE)。我国内主要应用I-125粒子,可通过影像引导下直接经皮穿刺或经皮穿刺血管置入PVTT,也可在门静脉支架置入时搭配使用,可明显降低门静脉在阻塞率 [21] 。

2.2.4. 系统治疗

系统治疗主要指全身性抗肿瘤治疗,包括分子靶向药物治疗,免疫药物治疗,化学治疗和中医中药治疗等,本文主要介绍分子靶向药物和免疫检查点抑制剂的应用。

分子靶向药物主要通过抑制细胞信号转导而抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和增殖,促进细胞凋亡而发挥作用 [22] 。索拉非尼、仑伐替尼及多纳非尼等酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, TKIs)是目前普遍认为可延长晚期肝癌患者生存期的分子靶向药物,目前均已经被我国列为中晚期肝癌患者的一线用药 [23] 。对于不可切除肝癌合并PVTT患者,分子靶向药物与介入治疗,放疗等联用可明显增强疗效 [24] [25] ,Zheng等人 [26] 的随机对照试验显示HAIC联合索拉非尼与索拉非尼单药相比较,总生存期有显著的提高(mOS:16.3 vs 6.5个月,P < 0.001)。

免疫检查点抑制剂(Immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs)是包含了PD1、PD-L1、CTLA-4为主的等免疫检查点的单克隆抗体。肿瘤细胞通过合成蛋白小分子,通过作用于免疫细胞的免疫检查点,从而抑制免疫细胞,在人体免疫系统中逃脱存活下来。免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)通过特异性结合目标位点,解除这种免疫抑制作用,让免疫细胞能识别肿瘤细胞,从而消灭癌细胞。免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)的出现和使用开创了中晚期肝癌系统治疗的新纪元,目前与酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKIs)的靶免联用实现了对中晚期肝癌的疗效新的突破 [27] 。

3. PVTT的联合治疗

3.1. 术前新辅助治疗后手术治疗

目前PVTT的术前新辅助治疗主要包括新辅助放疗,通过术前小剂量新辅助放疗可控制肝癌原发灶及门静脉癌栓,并降低部分PVTT患者的分期,以降低术后复发率同时可提高生存率 [28] [29] [30] 。Wei等人的荟萃分析 [31] 显示,在新辅助放疗组中(n = 142),患者术前2~4周接受了小剂量放疗(2~3 Gy/天,总剂量18 Gy或者30~36 Gy),根据mRECIST评价标准,29例(22.8%)患者出现部分病情缓解(PD),89例(70.7%)患者病情稳定(SD),9例(7.1%)患者病情进展(PD),18例患者的PVTT从程氏的III型降为II型或从II型降为I型。127例患者成功实施了新辅助放疗后手术治疗,但仍有15例患者因疾病进展或严重并发症丧失了手术机会。在其随机对照试验中,与单纯手术相比,新辅助放疗组患者总生存率和无病生存率更高(1年总生存率:75.2% vs 43.1%;2年总生存率:27.4% vs 9.4%;1年无病生存率:33.0% vs 14.9%;2年无病生存率13.3% vs 3.3%) (P < 0.001),新辅助放疗降低了HCC相关死亡率(HR = 0.35, P < 0.01)和复发率(HR = 0.45, P < 0.01) [29] 。

3.2. 手术切除联合术后辅助治疗

外科手术实现了从肝实质和门静脉清除大体肿瘤并减少残留肿瘤负荷,而术后辅助可以杀死残留的肿瘤和微转移,从而降低复发率并提高生存率 [32] 。术后辅助治疗包括:术后辅助TACE、术后辅助放疗,术后HAIC、术后口服靶向药物等 [33] [34] [35] [36] 。一项单中心回顾性研究 [33] 显示术后辅助TACE (PA-TACE)是患者预后的独立危险因素,PA-TACE组患者的总生存率及无复发生存率显著高于非PA-TACE组患者,两组1年,3年,5年总生存率分别为63% vs 34%,37% vs 10%,18% vs 7% (P < 0.001),无复发生存率(RFS)分别为31% vs 5%,16% vs 1%和11% vs 1% (P < 0.001)。另一项多中心研究 [34] 显示在术后辅助TACE的基础上加用免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)可进一步提高生存率,降低复发率,同时并未明显增加副反应。Sun等人 [35] 的随机对照试验显示了术后放疗也是安全有效的,术后IMRT组和单纯手术组中位总生存期和中位无复发生存期分别为18.9 vs 10.8个月(P = 0.005)和9.1 vs 4.1个月(P = 0.001),其1年,2年,3年总生存率均明显升高,其亚组分析显示术后IMRT可在I + II型PVTT患者中取得明显获益,然而对于III + IV型组合PVTT患者的预后获益未表现出有统计学意义(P = 0.469)。而针对VP4型(主干型) PVTT患者,术后HAIC在日本的一项多中心回顾性研究显示出了生存获益,术后HAIC组的中位生存时间显著高于非HAIC组(28.1 vs 18.7个月,P = 0.0024) [36] 。在Liu等人的Cox回归分析中 [33] ,除了术后辅助治疗外,HBV-DNA定量也是是影响PVTT术后预后独立危险因数,我国肝癌合并乙肝患者基数较大,术后抗病毒治疗亦是至关重要的治疗。

3.3. TACE联合治疗

TACE作为不可切除HCC患者应用最多的治疗之一,目前普遍认为单一TACE治疗方案无法适用于所有的HCC病人,尤其是合并PVTT的病人。TACE联合治疗方案逐步广泛应用于临床,以有效延长病人生存期。Zhu等人 [37] 回顾性分析91例HCC伴PVTT患者接受TACE + 索拉非尼(n = 46)或单独TACE (n = 45)的数据资料,结果显示,与单独使用TACE相比,TACE联合索拉非尼可延长患者的生存时间,中位总生存期(mOS)分别为11个月和6个月(P < 0.001)。通过门静脉癌栓的浸润分层行亚组分析,TACE加索拉非尼的联合治疗在VP1~2型和VP3型中OS显示出显著差异,但两组VP4型的OS差异无统计学意义。Zhang等人 [38] 针对主干型门静脉癌栓(MPVTT)的回顾性性研究中也显示了相似的结论,TACE联合索拉非尼相对于单药索拉非尼并没有延长患者OS,改善患者生存率。Deng等人 [39] 进行了一项包括8项研究的荟萃分析显示,相对于单独TACE方案,TACE + 索拉非尼/阿帕替尼有更好的肿瘤局部反应率,延长OS。另一方面,在不同的TKIs联合方案中,Yang等人 [40] 的回顾性试验中比较了TACE + 仑伐替尼和TACE + 索拉非尼治疗HCC和PVTT患者的疗效,TACE + 仑伐替尼组患者获得了更好的中位无进展生存期(mFPS) (10.6 vs 5.4个月,P = 0.002),更好的中位总生存期(mOS) (18.97 vs 10.77个月,P = 0.022)和更高客观缓解率(ORR) (66.8%和33.3%,P = 0.037)。TACE + TKIs应该是治疗PVTT的一个很好的选择,TACE + 仑伐替尼在目前能产生更好的生存获益 [41] 。

最近,多项回顾性队列研究报道了TACE联合TKI和程序性细胞死亡受体-1 (PD-1)抑制剂治疗HCC伴PVTT治疗的效果。Xia等人 [42] 的回顾性研究分析了接受TACE + 阿帕替尼 + PD-1抑制剂(n = 40)或TACE + 阿帕替尼(n = 69)治疗的HCC合并PVTT患者的疗效。TACE + 阿帕替尼 + PD-1抑制剂可显著改善OS、PFS、ORR,不良反应安全可控。Zou等人 [43] 也回顾比较了TACE联合仑伐替尼 + PD-1抑制剂的与TACE联合仑伐替尼的疗效和安全性,研究表明,三联治疗方案患者组拥有更长的中位OS (23.5 vs 18.3个月,P = 0.0002)、中位PFS (7.5 vs 4.3个月,P = 0.0001)同时三联方案组中9人(22.5%)获得了降期实现了手术切除,而二联方案中仅有4人(5.7%)实现降期实现了手术切除,这也为PVTT转化治疗提供了新的思路及方案,后续仍需要更前瞻性及多中心研究证明其安全性及有效性。

3.4. HAIC联合治疗

不同于TACE,HAIC只提高了肝脏局部的药物浓度,基本不影响肝脏供血,对于PVTT患者HAIC效果可能更优于TACE且不良反应更小 [17] [44] 。与TACE相比,Chen等人 [44] 研究显示HAIC在不可切除的患者中更能提高患者OS (11.2 vs 9.0个月,P = 0.010)及PFS (5.6 vs 2.0个月,P = 0.006)。Hu等人 [17] [44] 的研究也表明,在治疗III、IV型PVTT患者时,HAIC能显著延长患者的中位生存时间(20.8 vs 4.0个月,P < 0.001),并且肿瘤反应率更高(59.1% vs 22.7%, P = 0.014)。一项纳入155例中晚期HCC伴PVTT患者的回顾性研究 [45] 评估了TACE与HAIC联合使用的疗效与安全性,TACE + HAIC组的中位OS和PFS明显延长(mOS 9.0 vs 5.0个月,P = 0.018;mPFS 6.0 vs 2.0个月,P = 0.045),同时1~2级不良反应事件稍有增多,但3~4级不良反应事件的发生率无明显差异,不良事件通常是可控的。在HAIC与索拉非尼单药相比较中,HAIC组也显示出更长的中位生存期和客观缓解率 [46] [47] 。在He等人 [48] 的随机对照试验中,HAIC + 索拉非尼治疗组的中位0S明显长于索拉非尼单药组,分别为13.37月和7.13月(P = 0.01)。按门静脉浸润分级后,HAIC + 索拉非尼在各型PVTT分组中的生存获益亦均高于索拉非尼单药(VP1-2:18.17 vs 10.87个月,P = 0.002;VP3:13.47 vs 6.27个月,P < 0.001;VP4:9.47 vs 5.5个月,P < 0001)。近期另一项随机试验 [26] 针对主干型PVTT也得到了类似的疗效结果,但3级或4级不良事件在HAIC + 索拉非尼组中更为常见,主要包括腹泻、手足综合征和血小板减少症等。近期中山大学肿瘤医院 [49] 比较了TACE + HAIC联合靶向治疗和免疫治疗(n = 139)和TACE单独治疗(n = 604)治疗合并PVTT的HCC患者。在倾向性得分匹配(PSM)后,联合治疗组的OS和PFS明显优于TACE组,联合治疗组目前mOS尚未达到,TACE组mOS为10.4个月(P < 0.001),mPFS分别为14.8个月vs 2.3个月(P < 0.001),ORR分别为42.1% vs 5.0%,P < 0.001,同时联合治疗中,46.3%的患者(n = 44)实现了降期及肝切除术后,且31.6%的患者(n = 30)达到了病理的完全缓解。同时该研究还比较了联合治疗的VP1~2和VP3~4患者的OS和PFS,发现两组之间的预后没有统计学差异。这提示TACE + HAIC联合靶免联合治疗可能是治疗主干型PVTT患者的一种有效联合治疗方案或转换治疗策略。

3.5. 放疗联合治疗

肝脏属于放射敏感性器官,大剂量放射可能导致正常肝脏损伤,造成肝功能进一步恶化,因此限制了传统放疗技术在肝癌中的应用。随着放疗技术的发展,三维适形放疗(3D-CRT)、调强放射治疗(IMRT)、立体定向放射治疗(SBRT)、内放疗技术等技术能实现向局灶性肿瘤高剂量的辐射放疗,减少正常肝组织损伤,安全性大大增强,现其使用频率逐渐增加 [50] [51] [52] 。

在Yoon等人 [53] 的一项随机对照试验中,比较了90例HCC伴PVTT患者行TACE联合放疗(n = 45)或索拉非尼(n = 45)间差异,结果显示,TACE + RT组的中位无进展生存期为30周,显著高于索拉非尼组的11.3周(P < 0.001),同时TACE + RT组客观缓解率显著高于索拉非尼组,TACE-RT组5例(11.1%)患者因分期下降而行根治性手术切除,这提示TACE联合放疗在PVTT中是具有一定临床应用前景的。Lu等人 [54] 比较了3DCRT与TACE先后顺序间的差异,研究表明两组的中位生存期、局部控制率、生存率、门静脉癌栓有效率、AFP改善率上差异均未表现统计学意义,但TACE + 3DCRT组肝功能恶化程度高于3DCRT + TACE组。Li等人 [55] 也分析了IMRT与TACE先后顺序间的差异,发现在主干型门静脉癌栓中,先行放疗再行TACE患者的中位生存期更长(13.2个月vs. 7.4个月,P = 0.020)且肝功能恶化比例更少(9.5% vs 33.3%, P = 0.044)。在联合系统上治疗上,Ji等人 [56] 回顾性分析SBRT联合仑伐替尼和仑伐替尼单独治疗HCC合并PVTT患者的疗效。结果显示,与单药治疗组相比,联合治疗组在各型门静脉癌栓中获得更长的OS (VP1~2组:25.2 vs 15.7个月,P = 0.019;VP3~4组:16.6 vs 9.1个月,P = 0.004)。

近年来,我国部分学者报道了内放疗I-125粒子置入或同时联合门静脉支架治疗PVTT疗效。一项前瞻性、对照、多中心研究 [57] 比较了TACE + I-125 (n = 71)和TACE + 索拉非尼(n = 52)对VP3型PVTT伴HCC患者中的应用,TACE + I-125组总生存获益明显优于TACE加索拉非尼组(13.8 vs 8.3个月,P < 0.001)。Wu等人 [58] 回顾性研究中,TACE + PVS + I-125与TACE + PVS在VP4型PVTT相比,I-125组患者6、12、24个月的存活率更高(85.2%、42.6%和22.2% vs 50.9%、10.5%和0%,P < 0.05),门静脉支架再狭窄率更低(18.5%、55.6%和83.3% vs 43.9%、82.5%和96.5%,P < 0.05)。另一项前瞻性、对照、多中心研究 [59] 比较了TACE + I-125 + PVS和TACE + 索拉非尼在VP4型PVTT患者的疗效,前者在OS方面显示出更好的结果(9.9个月vs 6.3个月,P = 0.01)。

3.6. 系统联合治疗

分子靶向治疗和免疫治疗的出现为PVTT患者带来了新的希望,靶向免疫的联合方案提高了晚期HCC患者的肿瘤反应率和生存期。在全球多中心III期研究IMbrave150结果显示,在与索拉非尼组患者相比,阿替利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗组患者的中位生存时间和无进展生存期较组均有明显延长,死亡风险降低34%,疾病进展风险降低35% [13] [27] 。全国多中心III期ORIENT-32研究中结果显示,信迪利单抗与贝伐珠单抗类似物的联合治疗疗效显著优于索拉非尼,联合治疗组死亡风险降低43%,疾病进展风险降低44% [13] [60] 。目前阿替利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗、信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗类似物等靶免联合方案已经被我国指南纳入作为晚期HCC患者的一线治疗方案推荐 [23] 。近两年也报道了多项靶免联合局部治疗的回顾性试验,为PVTT患者提供了更多的治疗新思路。韩国一项多中心队列研究 [61] 首次比较了阿替利珠单抗加贝伐珠单抗(Ate/Bev)和经动脉化疗栓塞加放疗(TACE + RT)治疗方案,Ate/Bev组与TACE + RT治疗相比显示出相似的客观缓解率和疾病控制率(ORR: 40.5% vs 40.0%, P = 1.000; DCR: 75.7% vs 78.3%, P = 0.957),同时一年生存率明显更高(79.7%和50.3%;P = 0.041)。国内一项单臂回顾性研究 [62] 首次探索了TACE联合靶向及免疫治疗(n = 39)在PVTT的疗效及安全性,结果显示,其中位OS和PFS分别为14.0个月和9.2个月,3个月、6个月、12个月的OS率和PFS率分别为94.9%、83.7%、57.9%和74.4%、58.2%和49.6%,最常见的3~4级不良反应为高血压(20.5%),血小板减少症(10.3%)。Xia等人 [42] 回顾分析了TACE联合阿帕替尼(A)加PD-1抑制剂(P)的效果,在倾向性得分匹配(PSM)后TACE-AP组较TACE-A组改善了PFS,OS和ORR (mPFS:6.9 vs 4.0个月,P < 0.001;mOS:14.6 vs 8.5个月,P < 0.001;ORR:53.6% vs 17.9%,P = 0.005),且TACE-AP组和TACE-A组不良反应发生率基本一致,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),说明PD-1抑制剂联合使用并未增加TACE和阿帕替尼的不良反应。

4. 展望

PVTT在HCC患者中很常见,严重影响着HCC患者的预后。近年来手术治疗,介入治疗,内外放疗,分子靶向治疗,免疫抑制剂等联合治疗在PVTT的治疗中迅速发展,联合治疗已成为新的趋势,多项多中心随机对照试验也正在持续进展中,未来PVTT患者的治疗手段将会逐渐得到更新和完善。目前我们团队正尝试整合既往试验数据和目前的治疗经验,按不同PVTT分型及临床整理出各种治疗方案的优劣,从而希望能帮助临床提供相应的治疗思路。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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