肝癌合并多原发性癌的流行病学与危险因素研究进展
Research Progress in the Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Combined with Multiple Primary Malignancies
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.141255, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 86  浏览: 136 
作者: 杨翔宇, 高 建*:重庆医科大学附属第二医院,重庆
关键词: 肝细胞癌多原发性癌新发肿瘤Hepatocellular Carcinoma Multiple Primary Carcinomas Neoplastic Tumors
摘要: 随着多学科管理措施的进步,肝细胞癌患者生存率较前改善。同时,肝细胞癌合并多发癌病例逐渐增多。多原发性肿瘤是影响该类患者长期生存的重要因素。本文就肝癌患者合并多原发性癌的定义、流行病学和危险因素等方面阐述,为提高肝癌患者长期生存率提供依据。
Abstract: With the advancement of multidisciplinary management measures, the survival rate of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma has improved over the previous period. At the same time, cases of hepatocellular carcinoma combined with multiple cancers are gradually increasing. Multiple pri-mary tumors are important factors affecting the long-term survival of these patients. In this paper, the definition, epidemiology and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma patients combined with multiple primary cancers are described to provide a basis for improving the long-term survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
文章引用:杨翔宇, 高建. 肝癌合并多原发性癌的流行病学与危险因素研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(1): 1786-1800. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.141255

1. 引言

2020年,全球将有90.57万人被诊断出患有肝癌,其中肝细胞癌是最常见的一种 [1] [2] [3] 。由于多学科治疗技术的不断发展,其的预后已明显改善,同时肝癌患者中新发肿瘤的患病率也在上升 [4] [5] [6] 。肿瘤幸存者中新发肿瘤被称为多原发性癌(multiple primary malignancy, MPM)。

2. 多原发性癌的定义

诊断多原发性癌是一个复杂的问题。鉴别多原发性癌最重要的因素包括组织学类型、解剖关系、肿瘤行为和时间关系。新的原发性恶性肿瘤必须与复发性或转移性肿瘤相区别。1932年,Warren和Grates提出了第一个多原发性癌诊断标准 [7] [8] ,即除外转移后被正常黏膜隔开的多种恶性肿瘤。在诊断时间方面,如果两次发病之间的间隔少于6个月,则多原发性恶性肿瘤被归类为同期多原发性癌,如果间隔为6个月或更长,则被归类为异时性多原发性癌。

在Warren和Grates诊断标准提出后,出现了数种不同的诊断标准。目前,世界上应用广泛的有两套标准。2004年,国际癌症登记协会(Association of Cancer Registries, IACR)和国际癌症研究机构标准(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)提出了ARC/IACR标准(ARC/IACR rules) [8] [9] ,也称为多原发性癌的国际规则。该标准规定任何时间间隔下,在相同器官或组织中发生相同病理类型的癌症均认为是同种原发性癌。此外,相同原发部位的不连续的离散肿瘤定义为多灶癌。2007年,美国国家肿瘤研究所(National Cancer Institute, NCI)的监测流行病学和最终结果(Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results, SEER)计划提出了多原发性和组织学编码规则(The 2007 Multiple Primary and Histology Coding Rules, The 2007 MP/H Rules),即SEER标准 [6] [10] [11] 。SEER标准对多原发性癌症的分类取决于癌症起源部位、诊断日期、组织学、肿瘤行为以及成对器官的偏侧性。除外复发或转移后,在第一原发癌诊断后2个月或更长时间发生的所有异时性癌症都被认为是单独的原发癌。

3. 肝癌合并多原发性癌的流行病学

相较于一般人群,肝癌幸存者合并多原发性癌的风险更高。既往对于肝癌患者合并多原发性癌的研究多为单中心或地区性回归研究,不同地区的发病率和常见多原发性癌类型有所不同。在西方国家进行的一项回顾性研究报告称,7.3%的肝癌患者发生了至少一种肝外继发性恶性肿瘤 [12] ,此前估计其发病率在美国约为3.5%~8% [13] [14] ,在日本为0.7%~1.9% [15] [16] ,在我国为1.6%~8% [17] [18] 。

肝移植作为肝癌重要的治疗方式,其术后合并新发肿瘤备受重视 [19] 。最近一项基于韩国人群的回顾性研究表明 [20] ,4.2%患者肝移植术后合并第二原发癌,其中最常见的第二原发为肺癌。接受肝移植的肝细胞癌患者发生第二原发癌的标准化发病率(standard incidence ratio, SIR)明显升高,尤其是淋巴瘤(SIR = 9.26)、骨髓瘤(SIR = 10.60)和膀胱癌(SIR = 7.19)。而国内研究常局限于单个移植中心的报道 [21] [22] [23] ,尚缺乏多中心、大规模的研究。既往文献研究表明我国最常见的肝移植术后新发肿瘤部位为胃和结直肠 [24] 。

4. 肝癌合并多原发性癌的危险因素

4.1. 免疫抑制剂

肝移植患者术后需长期接受免疫抑制剂治疗。常用的免疫抑制剂有以下几类:钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂(calcineurin inhibitor, CNI),如他克莫司(tacrolimus, FK506)和环孢素(ciclosporin, CsA)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)抑制剂,如西罗莫司(sirolimus)与依维莫司(everolimus)、抗代谢类药物,包括吗替麦考酚酯(mycophenolate mofetil, MMF)和硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine)及糖皮质激素。经典的免疫抑制方案包括钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂,通常与其他免疫抑制剂联用。免疫抑制剂的使用时间、药物浓度以及药物肿瘤均与抑制术后癌症发生有关。

一项研究表明相较于环孢素为基础的免疫抑制方案,接受他克莫司为基础方案新发恶性肿瘤的风险更高(HR = 2.06),尤其是在老年(HR = 1.06)和男性人群(HR = 1.73)中 [25] 。而另一项西班牙的多中心研究共随访2495名接受他克莫司免疫抑制的肝移植患者,其中有425名患者(19.7%)术后新发恶性肿瘤,被纳入病例组。该研究为实现除免疫抑制之外的潜在癌症临床危险因素在病例和对照组之间的均匀分布,通过倾向性评分按照1:1的比例,在相同的移植中心内选择对照组,即相同随访时间内术后未患新发肿瘤的患者。该研究表明持续增加的他克莫司暴露量是唯一与术后新发恶性肿瘤相关的免疫抑制因素 [26] 。

4.2. 病毒感染

由于与移植术后免疫抑制剂的应用,使得移植受者术后感染风险增加,同时使移植后病毒相关肿瘤发生率提高 [27] [28] [29] [30] 。爱泼斯坦–巴尔病毒(Epstein-Barr virus, EBV)与移植后淋巴增生性疾病(post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, PTLD)相关。五岁前的儿童50%都曾感染EBV,90%的成年人对其呈血清阳性。在儿童肝脏移植受体中,PTLD通常与EBV病毒血症相关,而在成年PTLD患者中,检测到EBV的情况较少。此外,移植后,EBV天然免疫缺陷的受体有患上供体相关的原发性EBV感染的风险,这进一步增加了PTLD的发生风险。PTLD在移植后的任何时候都会出现各种表现,从无症状地发现肿块,到出现发热、体重减轻和乏力等全身症状,再到肝脏化验异常、神经系统受累或肺炎。PTLD的诊断和分期需要组织病理学,它可能表现为多克隆到单克隆B细胞肿瘤、T细胞肿瘤或霍奇金淋巴瘤。PTLD的所有治疗都需要将免疫抑制降到最低程度,通常还需要对淋巴瘤进行全方位的化疗。此外,不建议对PTLD患者进行抗病毒治疗。其他病毒如:人乳头状瘤病毒(human papillomavirus, HPV)与宫颈癌、口咽癌、皮肤癌相关,乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus, HCV)则与新发肝细胞癌相关 [31] 。

4.3. 生活方式

吸烟、饮酒及肥胖是多原发性癌的重要危险因素。吸烟和饮酒在移植术后新发恶性肿瘤中起着协同作用。Dimartini等人发现有饮酒史的肝移植患者通常存在吸烟的情况 [32] 。在该项研究中,近40%的酒精性肝病肝移植受试者在移植前后都未曾停止吸烟。90%的吸烟者每天都在吸烟,而且随着时间的推移,吸烟量越来越大。这类患者的中晚期死亡原因多是与吸烟相关的肺癌和口咽癌。肥胖与胰岛素抵抗是引起慢性炎症和癌前环境的重要因素,这被认为与多原发性癌的发生密切相关。Sang Min Park等的研究表明在肿瘤幸存者中,肥胖患者(BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2)的结直肠(RR = 3.45)和泌尿生殖系统(RR = 3.61)二次原发癌的风险显著升高,空腹血清葡萄糖浓度 ≥ 126 mg/dL的患者在肝胰胆道系统癌症(RR = 3.33)和与吸烟相关的癌症(RR = 1.93)方面的风险也较高 [33] 。

5. 结语

诸多危险因素,包括免疫抑制剂治疗、病毒感染、肥胖、吸烟及饮酒等,在推动多原发性癌的发展中起到了关键作用,使得该病在肝细胞癌患者中呈现出日益突出的问题 [34] [35] [36] 。然而,尽管我们已经对多原发性癌有所关注,但需要认识到目前对其的研究力度和深度仍存在不足。在未来的研究中,应当加强对免疫抑制剂治疗的副作用机制、病毒感染的潜在风险因素、肥胖、吸烟及饮酒等危险因素的相互影响等方面的深入挖掘。只有通过更深层次的研究,我们才能更全面地了解第二原发癌的发病机制,为其有效的防治提供科学依据。这也呼吁医学界在该领域投入更多的研究资源,以期在未来能够找到更有效的治疗手段和预防策略,为肝细胞癌患者提供更好的临床管理和护理。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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