TyG指数及肥胖评价指标对急性胰腺炎病情及预后评估的研究现状
The Research Status of TyG Index and Obesity Evaluation Index in the Evaluation of the Condition and Prognosis of Acute Pancreatitis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.142513, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 55  浏览: 101  科研立项经费支持
作者: 何云华*, 施荣杰#, 龚佳佳, 牛雨薇:大理大学第一附属医院消化内科,云南 大理
关键词: 急性胰腺炎肥胖TyG指数肥胖评价指标改良TyG指数Acute Pancreatitis Obesity TyG Index Obesity Evaluation Index Modified TyG Index
摘要: 急性胰腺炎(AP)是一种常见的临床问题,由胰腺炎症引起,大部分急性胰腺炎患者症状较轻,且具有自限性,但严重急性胰腺炎的死亡率较高,治疗成本高,因此,早期诊断和正确的治疗至关重要。近年来,国内外关于预测急性胰腺炎病情严重程度及预后的指标被大量报道,试图通过早期采取准确的诊断手段,并及时采取预防措施,来改善患者的预后,减少病死率。TyG指数及肥胖评价相关指标对急性胰腺炎的病情具有一定的预测价值。本文对近年来国内TyG指数及肥胖评价相关指标对急性胰腺炎病情及预后评估方面的研究进行综述。
Abstract: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common clinical problem caused by pancreatic inflammation. Most acute pancreatitis is acute pancreatitis and self-limited, but severe acute pancreatitis has a high mortality rate and high treatment costs. Therefore, early diagnosis and correct treatment are es-sential. In recent years, a large number of indicators for predicting the severity and prognosis of acute pancreatitis have been reported at home and abroad. Attempts are made to improve the prognosis of patients and reduce the mortality rate by taking accurate diagnostic measures at an early stage and taking preventive measures in a timely manner. TyG index and obesity evaluation index have certain predictive value for acute pancreatitis. This article reviews the research on the assessment of the condition and prognosis of acute pancreatitis by TyG index and obesity evaluation indicators in China in recent years.
文章引用:何云华, 施荣杰, 龚佳佳, 牛雨薇. TyG指数及肥胖评价指标对急性胰腺炎病情及预后评估的研究现状[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(2): 3675-3684. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.142513

1. 引言

急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)是我国住院的最常见的胃肠道疾病之一,发病率高居全球第二,病死率位居全球第三 [1] 。近年来,其发病率呈现逐渐上升的趋势,据相关的流行病学调查数据显示,美国每年的急性胰腺炎发病率估计为110~140/10万,急诊就诊人数估计超过30万人次 [2] 。根据2012年修订的亚特兰大分类标准,AP被分为轻症AP (mild AP, MAP)、中度重症AP (moderately severe AP, MSAP)以及重症AP (severe AP, SAP) [3] 。而AP是一种复杂且多变的疾病,但在早期病程发展中通常难以预测,大约80%的患者发展为MAP或MSAP [4] [5] 。五分之一的患者发展为SAP,死亡率约为20% [4] [6] 。因此,针对急性胰腺炎患者,早期进行准确的诊断并采取有效的预防措施对于改善预后和提高生存率至关重要 [7] 。2022年郭喆等人提出“疑似重症急性胰腺炎(SSAP)”的概念,从高危患者筛选到细胞因子测定,联合多项重症患者通用评分和胰腺炎专项评分,使急性胰腺炎患者在急诊科得到充分评估,并提出一系列包括液体复苏、器官支持、中医中药等SSAP阻断方案,促进急性胰腺炎患者早期康复 [8] 。一项将100例诊断为重症胰腺炎患者作为研究对象的研究发现,对重症胰腺炎患者早期采用综合性治疗方式能够有效的减少患者的住院时间,同时降低病发率 [9] 。另有研究指出,早期CRRT治疗可以在一定程度上降低炎症因子的丰度,从而干预SAP的进展 [7] [10] 。目前临床实践中,已经有多种评分系统可以早期预测急性胰腺炎患者的严重程度 [11] ,例如急性胰腺炎严重程度床边指数(BISAP)和急性生理学和慢性健康评估(APACHEII)工具,对疾病严重程度和死亡率具有良好的预测能力,但这些评分系统大多程序耗时、繁琐且价格昂贵,且存在指标多、复杂性高、主观评判等不足,无法在疾病早期应用。此外,也有许多血清生化指标在AP的病程中已取得进展,如CRP是评估AP严重程度的金标准,但预测AP进展方面缺乏特异性,且许多指标价格昂贵,特别是在配置资源有限的下级医院和科室,有些参数不容易获得 [11] 。因此,对于基层医院来说,深入探讨并创新以简单、快捷、低成本和准确为主要特性的新型指标,以预测急性胰腺炎(AP)的严重程度及其预后,对治疗AP具有至关重要的意义。

2. 甘油三酯葡萄糖指数(Triglyceride-Glucose, TyG)指数与急性胰腺炎(Acute Pancreatitis, AP)

2.1. TyG指数概念

胰岛素抵抗(IR)被认为是一种由于组织对胰岛素的敏感性和反应性降低而导致的代谢紊乱,其主要表现为血糖和血脂代谢异常 [12] 。高胰岛素–正葡萄糖钳夹(hyper insulinemic-euglycemic clamp testing, HIEC)是评估IR的“金标准”,然而,这是一种复杂且耗时的方法,对研究环境的适用性有限。因此,作为一种替代策略,研究者已经提出了从更快、更便宜的生化测量中获得的替代标志物 [13] [14] 。在流行病学研究、大型临床调查或常规临床应用中,已经研究了多种IR替代标志物,例如稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, HOMA-IR)、定量胰岛素敏感性检测指数(quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, QUICKI)、胰岛素敏感指数(insulin sensitivity index, IST)、McAuley指数(Mffm/I)、甘油三酯与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的比值(TG/HDL-C)等,这些标志物对IR的敏感性和特异性各有不同 [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] 。其中,Matthews等 [20] 提出的HOMA-IR是研究中评估IR应用最为广泛的模型,但HOMA-IR模型需要测定血清胰岛素水平,胰岛素测试价格昂贵,因而该模型使用成本较高,对基层医院的实用性有限。最近,甘油三酯葡萄糖指数(TyG指数)已经成为了备受关注的一个选择,主要是因为其计算所需的生物标志物具有较高的可用性和较低的成本 [21] [22] [23] 。TyG指数主要通过于空腹血糖和空腹甘油三酯水平综合计算得出的,其计算公式为:TyG = Ln [血清甘油三酯(mg/dL) × 空腹血糖(mg/dL)/2]。有研究指出TyG指数在与IR的相关性方面显著优于HOMA-IR [24] ,另有研究证实,TyG指数在识别及评估胰岛素抵抗(IR)方面具有较高的敏感性和特异性 [25] 。

2.2. TyG指数与AP的关系

急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)是一种以急性炎症为主要特征的疾病过程,其炎症范围可以从局部扩展到全身,最终导致败血症和多系统器官衰竭。从病理生理学方面来看,胰腺组织的炎症反应是AP最关键的病理生理学流程,以多种炎症和细胞因子浓度增加为主要特征 [13] 。近年来,代谢性疾病在急性胰腺炎中的重要作用日益得到认可,最近的几项研究发现,提示代谢异常的因素,与AP的严重程度密切相关。Niknam [26] 与Shen [27] 等人的研究显示,MS与其组成部分之间的比例与AP严重程度的增加表现出显著的相关性。同时,MS的各个组成部分相互协同,在AP发生的基础上给予多重打击,加快病情的恶化速度 [28] 。如关于高血压与AP的研究发现,高血压可能会增加肾衰竭的发生率,从而导致住院时间的延长,与AP的严重程度独立相关,但其潜在机制尚不清楚 [28] 。一项系荟萃分析结果表明,糖尿病患者相比于非糖尿病患者,AP的发生率显著升高,风险高出74% [29] 。同时,糖尿病也被认定为是胰腺坏死的一个独立危险因素 [30] 。另有研究证实,无论急性胰腺炎(AP)的病因是高脂血症还是其他因素,血清甘油三酯升高都与AP的严重程度显著相关 [31] 。此外,高甘油三酯血症显著提高AP的局部和全身并发症发生率以及持续性器官衰竭的发生率 [32] [33] 。肥胖也已经被证实是急性胰腺炎(AP)的独立危险因素,肥胖患者发生严重AP的风险会随着体重的增加而增加 [33] 。TyG指数作为胰岛素抵抗及其相关代谢异常的一种新型替代标志物正在慢慢被接受 [23] [34] 。TyG指数通过空腹血糖和三酰甘油计算所得,高血糖和高甘油三酯的存在被证明可能与AP严重程度有密切关系 [35] 。高甘油三酯血症是AP最常见的病因之一,血清中甘油三酯水平升高,一方面会增加血液粘度,从而加剧胰腺缺血缺氧和微循环障碍,另一方面,甘油三酯还可以水解成游离脂肪酸,从而对腺泡和血管内皮细胞产生直接的细胞毒性作用,并可造成由细胞因子诱发的全身性促炎反应 [36] [37] 。此外,有研究阐述了高血糖诱导的氧化应激可通过促进线粒体功能障碍、内质网应激、炎症反应和微血管内皮功能障碍,还可能增加促炎和促凝因子的表达,诱导细胞凋亡并损害一氧化氮的释放,从而加重缺血敏感胰腺的炎症过程 [37] [38] 。最后,代谢综合征及胰岛素抵抗是一种慢性低度炎症状态,其特征是循环中促炎细胞因子水平高 [39] ,在伴随代谢异常和胰岛素抵抗的炎症变化可加剧免疫和非免疫反应,从而引发和加重AP [40] 。另外,这种低水平炎症状态伴随着循环中高水平由IR激活的具有促炎作用的细胞因子,如核因子KB、肿瘤坏死因子-α及白细胞介素-6等 [41] ,通过免疫和非免疫途径加剧炎症反应,放大对胰腺和其他器官的损伤过程,进一步导致SIRS、OF和局部并发症等 [35] 。然而,胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病和AP之间关联的确切机制尚未完全阐明。综上所述,TyG指数被作为胰岛素抵抗和代谢异常的替代标志物,其在AP病情严重程度和预后的预测价值需进一步研究。

2.3. TyG指数对AP严重程度的评估

近年来,尽管TyG指数被认为是胰岛素抵抗及相关代谢异常的新型替代指标,但关于TyG指数与SAP之间关系的研究报道仍相对较少,2020年Jin Myung Park等人通过采用多中心及前瞻性的研究首次探讨了TyG与AP严重程度关系,并指出胰岛素抵抗的替代标志物TyG指数可以作为预测AP患者发生SAP的独立危险因素 [42] 。同样,另外几项研究也得出了与上述研究结论相似的结论 [4] [43] - [49] 。但Wei的研究结果指出,TyG指数与AP的严重程度之间并非独立相关 [49] 。因此,当前TyG指数在预测AP病情和预后方面仍存在一定局限性,具体表现为:1) 无法检查胰岛素抵抗与AP之间的时间关系,即患者在诊断AP之前是否有潜在的胰岛素抵抗,或者AP引起的胰腺损伤导致β细胞功能障碍和随之而来的胰岛素抵抗。2) 在治疗过程中,未对TyG指数进行动态监测。3) 关于TyG指数与AP之间关系的研究依然缺乏大规模、前瞻性的多中心研究。4) 尚未有学者针对TyG指数与其他评分体系对AP病情严重程度和预后的预测的比较开展深入研究。

2.4. 改良TyG指数对AP的预测价值

近年来,TyG指数的评估作用在动脉粥样硬化、高血压、糖尿病、高尿酸血症以及非酒精性脂肪性肝病等多种临床常见疾病的研究中得到了一定的验证,并被视为一个新的研究方向。改良TyG指数即将TyG指数与身体成分(包括BMI、WC或WHtR)的影响相结合,增强了胰岛素抵抗的可预测性 [50] [51] [52] 。首先,早期的研究结果揭示,在某些疾病诊断方面,TyG-BMI指数相较于TyG指数具有更高的显著性 [51] [53] [54] 。另外,在识别成年人NAFLD方面TyG-WC是一个更好的指标 [54] [55] 。另一项通过使用日本普通人群健康体检数据的研究结果显示,TyG-BMI、TyG-WC、TyG-WHtR在一般人群的NAFLD风险筛查中显示出最佳的预测潜力 [56] 。同样,基于AP与IR、MS的关联,TyG指数与AP的发生发展也有密不可分的联系,改良TyG指数作为评估胰岛素抵抗的替代指标也被研究用于急性胰腺炎的严重程度评估,2023年王惠雨等人的研究表明TyG-BMI指数是MSAP/SAP发生的独立危险因素,且TyG-BMI指数值越大表明AP进展为MSAP/SAP的可能性越大 [45] 。但并未评估TyG-WC、TyG-WHtR在AP严重程度方面的预测价值,且关于TyG-BMI、TyG-WC、TyG-WHtR指数早期预测AP严重程度的临床研究仍然较少,总的来说,深入研究改良TyG指数的评估价值,可能会对急性胰腺炎患者的治疗策略及预后产生积极的影响,未来仍需要开展更多前沿性、大样本和多中心的研究,以验证该指数的有效性,并深入探究其与急性胰腺炎预后的病理生理学机制。

3. 肥胖评价指标与急性胰腺炎

3.1. 肥胖评价指标与急性胰腺炎的关系

随着社会的发展发展、人民生活水平的不断提高、各地饮食结构的改变及其他的一些复杂因素等共同推动了超重和肥胖的发展,目前肥胖已成为全球性的健康危机,世界卫生组织将肥胖定义为由于脂肪组织的脂质异常或过度积累而损害健康的病理状态 [57] 。其通常被认为是一种低度炎症状态,肥胖已经不仅是一种疾病,而是与多种疾病的存在关联,如糖尿病、高血压、高尿酸血症、冠状动脉疾病、呼吸系统疾病、骨关节炎、肿瘤等。近年来,急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)的发病率呈上升趋势,其病情演变也极其复杂。近年来,一些流行病学研究报告说,肥胖或内脏肥胖与严重的急性胰腺炎有关,并增加住院期间的死亡率 [33] [58] [59] [60] 。关于肥胖与AP之间的联系,研究者提出了各种假说,主要包括局部的以及全身性的。局部因素包括胰腺周围不饱和脂肪的增加、胰腺周围脂肪的坏死和脂肪毒性,以及由于肋骨和膈肌运动受限导致的低氧血症,而全身性因素包括炎症介质分泌增加、抗炎细胞因子减少、正常轻度的促炎状态以及全身炎症反应增加 [61] 。另外,肥胖本身也被认为是一种轻度持续的促炎状态,可以增加脂肪组织内和全身TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10和IL-18的水平,例如通过巨噬细胞中的炎症小体激活 [62] [63] [64] [65] 。2019年一项动物研究表明,肥胖导致胰腺PGC-1α缺乏,这显著增强了NF-kB介导的胰腺中IL-6的上调,导致严重的炎症反应 [34] 。此外,内脏肥胖与AP发病率和死亡率呈正相关,肥胖患者脂肪较多,尤其是腹腔和胰腺周围,导致脂肪组织中炎症细胞增多,导致坏死发生率高,脂肪细胞释放各种炎症介质,导致多器官衰竭 [66] 。最后,在加重肥胖患者急性胰腺炎的因素中,近年来胰腺周围的脂肪越来越被关注,超过80%的内脏脂肪细胞由甘油三酯组成,当急性胰腺炎渗漏的脂肪酶损害胰腺内外的脂肪细胞并水解甘油三酯时,不饱和脂肪酸就会增加。实际上,在对胰腺坏死组织进行详细分析后,发现大部分坏死组织的构成成分主要为不饱和脂肪酸 [66] [67] [68] 。这种不饱和脂肪酸与钙结合,形成皂化物并失活,所以低钙血症在多项急性胰腺炎严重程度评估中被使用 [67] 。同时未结合的不饱和脂肪酸增加肿瘤坏死因子-α等炎症介质,抑制线粒体复合物I和V,引起腺泡细胞坏死,从而增加胰腺坏死,并引起多器官衰竭 [69] [70] 。总体而言,多项研究都显示,肥胖与急性胰腺炎的发生与发展密切相关,但确切的机制尚不清楚,有关机制尚需进一步探究。

3.2. 肥胖评价指标对AP病情严重程度的评估

肥胖和多种疾病密切相关,同时还会增加心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率。因此,预防和降低这些疾病的发病率已成为当务之急,而关于肥胖的评估也已经迫在眉睫。BMI作为目前最常用且简单易行的肥胖评价指标,通常用于许多肥胖研究,过去多项研究和meta分析显示,BMI是AP严重程度和死亡率的独立预测因子 [61] [71] [72] 。2013年,胃肠病协会将体重指数(BMI) > 30 kg/m2列为SAP的风险因素。然而,在许多研究中报告说,它不能区分体脂和瘦体重 [73] [74] 。根据脂肪分布的部位和特点,肥胖主要可分为全身性肥胖和中心性肥胖两种类型 [75] 。其中,中心性肥胖发生代谢综合征的危险性较大。几个中心性肥胖指数,如腰臀比(WHR)、腰围(WC)和腰高比(WHtR),被应用于临床实践和研究,因为它们反映了身体脂肪分布和上半身肥胖。腰围(WC)是评估中心性肥胖的一种简便且应用最广泛的指标。有研究表明,WC与急性胰腺炎的发生有关 [76] [77] [78] ,且腰围每增加10 cm,急性胰腺炎的概率就会增加40% [76] 。总之,传统的肥胖评价指标对SAP的预测价值得到了广泛的认可。然而,WC没有考虑身高的差异,因此对高个子和矮个子的风险评估可能分别过高和过低。另有研究表明WHtR可以作为WC的替代方法 [79] [80] [81] 。然而,这些指标存在一定程度的局限性,无法准确区分腹部皮下脂肪与腹部内脏脂肪。

近年来,研究人员已经开始探索一些新的肥胖评估指标,以改善传统指标的局限性,从而更准确地反映内脏脂肪的分布情况。例如,由Amato等人 [82] 在2010年提出并经过建立和校正的脂肪分布模型得出的一项指标——内脏脂肪指数(Visceral Adiposity Index, VAI),用于反映内脏脂肪含量及功能。与传统的BMI和WC相比,VAI更能准确地反映出一些非典型的影响因素,如脂肪细胞因子的变化和血浆脂肪酸浓度的上升 [75] 。多项研究发现,VAI作为一种简单易行的工具,能够早期识别出SAP高危患者,并且是预测AP患者发生持续性呼吸衰竭、APFC及ANC等并发症的良好指标,此外,VAT与AP病情严重程度之间的相关性,相较于BMI和WC更为密切 [83] [84] [85] 。2005年KAHN等人 [86] 首次提出一种基于腰围(WC)、BMI以及血脂指标的新型肥胖评价指标–脂质蓄积指数(Lipid Accumulation Product, LAP)。该指数能更有效地反映个人脂肪分布以及内脏脂肪蓄积情况。有研究揭示,LAP与2型糖尿病、代谢综合征以及心血管疾病之间有着密切的联系,相较于传统的体脂指标,LAP的预测价值更高 [87] 。Krakauer等人 [88] 在BMI、WC以及身高三个关键指标的基础上,提出并构建了一种新的肥胖评价指标——体型指数(A Body Shape Index, ABSI),其能够更加全面地评估个体的肥胖风险。腹部容积指数(abdominal volume index, AVI)是另一种用于评估整个体积的人体测量工具 [89] 。身体圆度指数(body roundness index, BRI)的概念由Thomas等人 [90] 提出,这是一种结合身高和WC来预测体脂百分比(PBF)并评估健康状况的新型几何指数。最后,体重调整腰围指数(weight-adjusted waist index, WWI)由腰围(cm)除以体重(kg)的平方根计算得来,其将腰围与体重标准化,结合了腰围的强度,同时弱化了与BMI的联系,与其他指标相比,WWI可直接而具体地评估中心性肥胖,具有稳定性、可靠性及对其他种族和民族的适用性 [91] 。既往大量研究已经证实,肥胖评价指标能够可作为预测AP患者严重程度和AP加重风险的评估指标。但LAP、BRI、ABSI、VAI、AVI和WWI等作为新型肥胖指标,还需要有更多大规模样本研究来进一步探讨其在评估AP病情严重程度及预测预后中的价值。

4. 小结

急性胰腺炎(AP)作为一种常见的临床急腹症,其发病率仍在持续攀升,且重症患者具有显著死亡率,因此,未来的研究工作应集中于开发能够及时、精确、经济地预测AP患者病情严重程度的预测模型,同时对这一难题进行深入研究。另外,代谢相关性疾病与AP之间存在密切关联。随着人们生活水平的提高和生活方式的改变,代谢相关性疾病如肥胖、脂质代谢紊乱、血糖水平以及2型糖尿病和IR的发病率呈不断增长趋势。这些因素被认为与AP的发生发展密切相关,同时对患者的长期预后和生活质量产生了重大影响。研究发现,TyG指数、肥胖相关指标与患严重胰腺炎的风险有较高的关联。最后,鉴于AP患者病情和生理病理的复杂性,未来仍需进行多中心、大样本的前瞻性研究,以验证相关结论,并确定这些指标对AP病情严重程度及预后的确切预测价值。

基金项目

云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目(编号:2023Y0982)。

NOTES

*第一作者。

#通讯作者。

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