水交换结肠镜检查与空气充气结肠镜检查对腺瘤检出率影响的Meta分析
Meta Analysis of the Adenoma Detection Rate of Water Exchange Colonoscopy and Air Inflation Colonoscopy
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2024.143682, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 61  浏览: 97 
作者: 程景然, 陈昌洪, 石杰文, 朱代华*:重庆医科大学附属第二医院胃肠肛肠外科,重庆
关键词: 水交换结肠镜空气充气结肠镜腺瘤检出率Meta分析Water Exchange Colonoscopy Air Insufflation Colonoscopy Adenomas Detection Rate Meta Analysis
摘要: 目的:比较水交换结肠镜检查(WE)和传统空气充气结肠镜检查(AI)对结肠镜腺瘤检出率的影响。方法:通过PubMed、Embase、Web of Science,搜索截止2023年10月发表的文章,使用Review Manager 5.3和Stata 11.0进行分析,比较水交换结肠镜和传统空气充气结肠镜在检查过程中的腺瘤检出率、达盲率、达盲时间、退镜时间的差异。结果:10项研究共7024受检者符合纳入标准。WE组的腺瘤检出率高于AI组,差异有统计学意义(RR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.26~1.57, P < 0.00001)。在达盲率方面,WE组和AI组比较,差异无统计学意(RR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.99~1.01, P = 0.77)。WE组所需达盲时间大于AI组,差异有统计学意义(MD = 2.70, 95% CI: 0.44~4.96, P = 0.02)。WE组所需退镜时间大于AI组,差异有统计学意义(MD = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.10~0.99, P = 0.02)。Egger检验未见明显发表偏倚。结论:水交换结肠镜相较于空气充气结肠镜,可以提高腺瘤检出率,整体检查成功率相近,但检查效率略微逊色。
Abstract: Objective: To compare the water exchange colonoscopy with the air insufflation colonoscopy, to de-termine the impact of adenoma detection rate. Methods: Search for articles up to October 2023 through PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Use Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 11.0 for analysis to compare water exchange colonoscopy and the air insufflation colonoscopy. The differences in ad-enoma detection rate, blind rate, blind time and withdrawal time were compared. Results: Ten studies with a total of 7024 participants met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed that the water exchange group had higher adenoma detection rate (RR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.26~1.57, P < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in cecal intubation rate (RR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.99~1.01, P = 0.77). The water exchange group had longer cecal intubation time (MD = 2.70, 95% CI: 0.44~4.96, P = 0.02) and withdrawal time (MD = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.10~0.99, P = 0.02) than the air in-sufflation group. There was no obvious publication bias after Egger test. Conclusion: WE compared to AI can increase ADR, and the overall inspection success rate is similar, but the inspection effi-ciency is slightly inferior.
文章引用:程景然, 陈昌洪, 石杰文, 朱代华. 水交换结肠镜检查与空气充气结肠镜检查对腺瘤检出率影响的Meta分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(3): 171-180. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2024.143682

1. 引言

结肠镜检查是诊断、监测和治疗结直肠疾病的基础检查,且已经被证实是降低结直肠癌发病率和死亡率的关键 [1] 。传统结肠镜检查是通过标准的充气(AI)来进行的,空气可以膨胀结肠腔,以便观察和通过仪器。对于大多数未镇静的患者,空气充气(AI)结肠镜检查通常被认为是一种痛苦且耐受性较差的操作。由于相对较低的盲肠插管率和无法耐受的疼痛,麻醉被推荐常规用于空气充气结肠镜检查。然而,与非镇静结肠镜检查相比,镇静结肠镜检查有镇静药物的额外风险、较高的医疗费用和较长的恢复时间 [2] ,因此任何可减少镇静需求的内镜技术都有可能改善操作质量。近年来,水浴法受到越来越多的关注。与空气充气法相比,注入的水扩张结肠腔,下压左半结肠,使乙状结肠段变直,有利于结肠镜的推进,减少插入时的疼痛和不适 [3] 。注水方式主要分为水浸泡(WI)和水交换(WE),它们的区别在于撤药(WI)或插入(WE)时排出注入的水 [4] 。在使用WE时,在吸除残留粪便和滞留空气的基础上,去除注入的水可以最大限度地提高肠腔的清洁度,对结肠镜检查的影响优于WI [5] 。近年来,世界各地的研究者产生了大量与WE方法相关的新数据 [6] - [14] 。这些临床研究表明,WE在结肠镜检查中是一种有吸引力的策略,因为它可以减少镇静需求 [8] [9] ,提高患者对操作的接受度 [8] [9] ,并降低腺瘤的漏诊率 [6] [7] ,而不影响盲肠插管的成功率 [15] 。本荟萃分析的目的是比较WE方法和传统AI方法在结肠镜检查中对腺瘤检出率的影响。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 检索策略

搜索截止2023年10月PubMed、Embase、Web of Science数据库已发表的英文文献。使用关键词:water exchange colonoscopy和air insufflation或air insufflated。如有需要,使用邮箱联系文章作者,获得文章中没有展示,但对本文有重要影响的信息。由两名研究人员检查相关文献内容,主要是WE法与AI法结肠镜检查的结果。

2.2. 纳入和排除标准

本Meta [16] 分析需要满足以下标准:① 前瞻性的随机对照试验(RCT);② 包括WE与AI的比较;③ 结果包含结肠镜腺瘤检出率数据。排除标准:① 动物实验、综述和个案报道,以及指南和共识;② 样本总数少于30例的研究;③ 非RCT;④ 研究数据不全、研究定义描述不详、无法获取相关数据进行分析的文献;⑤ 内容重复的文献。

2.3. 文献筛选和资料提取方法

这项研究由两名学者独立进行,分别根据设定要求收集文献数据。若意见不一致,将由第三位学者进行复核。采用Jadad量表对文献进行评分,总分为5分。仅纳入3分及以上的高质量文献,并排除明显不符合纳入标准的文献。文献筛选完成后,两位研究者按照Cochrane偏倚风险评估标准,独立评估文献质量。采用Cochrane系统评价手册推荐的RCT偏倚风险评估工具来评价纳入研究的偏倚风险。

2.4. 统计学方法

选用RevMan 5.3软件和Stata 11.0统计学软件进行Meta分析。在本篇Meta分析的数据量统计中,危险度比(RR)和95%可信区间(95% CI)作为二分类资料的合并统计量,用于描述包括达盲率、腺瘤检出率等两组数据的统计结果;加权均数差(MD)和95% CI作为连续资料的合并统计量,用于描述包达盲时间、退镜时间两组组数据的统计结果。用Z检验来检测合并效应量是否有统计学意义,Z检验得出该统计量的概率(P)值,P < 0.05即被认为有统计学意义。发表偏倚评估通过漏斗图进行分析。

3. 结果

3.1. 文献检索流程及结果

Figure 1. Flow chart of literature screening

图1. 文献筛选流程图

根据检索策略,在各个数据库中,共检索出235篇相关文献。去除其中的89篇重复文献后,浏览标题及摘要,并剔除125篇与研究无关的文献,阅读剩余21篇文献全文,按照排除标准剔除文献11篇,其中对照组中不含WE法结肠镜5篇,未报到Meta分析所需数据3篇,非随机对照试验2篇无法获取全文1篇。最终,纳入10篇 [11] [17] - [25] 相关文献,检索流程及结果见图1。所纳入文献均为随机对照试,4篇来自中国 [11] [18] [22] [23] ,3篇来自意大利 [17] [20] [21] ,1篇来自美国 [25] ,1篇来自日本 [19] ,1篇来自葡萄牙 [24] 。本研究参与者总人数为7024人(WE组为3515人,AI组为3509人)见表1

3.2. 文献偏倚风险评价结果

所有研究中有8个至少5项以上仅为低偏倚风险。但因为结肠镜检查操作难以对操作者实施盲法,仅1项试验存在较低的实施偏倚风险 [11] ,1项试验在报告偏倚方面存在较高的偏倚风险 [20] 。偏倚风险的客观评估见图2图3

Figure 2. Risk of bias graph

图2. 偏倚风险柱状图

Figure 3. Risk of bias summary (“+”:High risk;“?”:unknown;“−”:Low risk)

图3. 偏倚风险总结(“+”为高风险;“?”为未提供足够信息;“−”为低风险)

3.3. Meta分析结果

3.3.1. 两组患者腺瘤检出率的比较

共10项研究比较了腺瘤检出率,纳入患者7024例。其中,WE组3519例,AI组3505例。纳入研究中,两组数据异质性较小(I2 = 9%, P = 0.36),使用固定效应模型分析。结果表明:WE组腺瘤检出率明显高于AI组(34.0%和27.6%,RR = 1.23,95% CI:1.15~1.31,P < 0.00001)。见图4

Figure 4. Forest plot of difference in adenomas detection rate

图4. 腺瘤检出率差异的森林图

3.3.2. 两组患者达盲率的比较

共10项研究比较了达盲率,纳入患者7046例。其中,WE组3531例,AI组3515例。纳入研究中,两组数据具有同质性(I2 = 0%, P = 0.49),使用固定效应模型分析。结果表明:两组患者达盲率比较,差异无统计学意义(98.4%和98.3%,RR = 1.00,95% CI:0.99~1.01,P = 0.77)。见图5

3.3.3. 两组患者达盲时间的比较

共8项研究比较了达盲时间,纳入患者2905例。其中,WE组1458例,AI组1447例。纳入研究中,两组试验异质性高(I2 = 96%, P < 0.00001),使用随机效应模型分析。结果表明:WE组达盲时间明显高于AI组,差异有统计学意义(MD = 2.70, 95% CI: 0.44~4.96, P = 0.02),见图6。为验证研究结果的稳定性,行敏感性分析,见图7。结果表明:研究结论稳定性好。为了进一步明确异质性来源分别对研究地区、麻醉方式行亚组分析。见表2。根据研究地区,按亚洲、欧洲以及北美洲,对达盲时间进行亚组分析,结果显示AI组在亚洲组中表现出明显优势,在欧洲及北美洲组,WE与AI相比,达盲时间总体差异,无明显统计学意义。根据试验麻醉方式,按无麻醉、按需麻醉、最低剂量麻醉或充分麻醉、中度麻醉,对达盲时间进行亚组分析,结果显示AI组在按需麻醉组及最低剂量麻醉或充分麻醉组中均表现出明显优势,在无麻醉组和中度麻醉组,WE与AI相比,达盲时间总体差异,无明显统计学意义。异质性可能与试验所使用的不同麻醉方式有关。

Table 1. The basic data of the patients from the literature were included

表1. 纳入文献中患者的基本资料

3.3.4. 两组患者退镜时间的比较

共8项研究比较了退镜时间,纳入患者2905例。其中,WE组1458例,AI组1447例。纳入研究中,两组具有同质性(I2 = 0%, P = 0.50),使用固定效应模型分析。结果表明:WE退镜时间明显高于AI组,差异有统计学意义(MD = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.10~0.99, P = 0.02)。见图8

3.4. 发表偏倚

以RR值为横坐标,SE (log [RR])为纵坐标绘制漏斗图。如图9所示纳入研究呈倒漏斗形,围绕中心线左右对称排列,漏斗图不对称的Egger [26] 检验不显著,为P = 0.553 > 0.05,表明本研究没有明显的发表偏倚。

Figure 5. Forest plot of difference in cecal intubation rate

图5. 盲肠插管率差异的森林图

Figure 6. Forest plot of difference in cecal intubation time

图6. 盲肠插管时间差异的森林图

Figure 7. Plot of sensitivity analysis of cecal intubation time

图7. 达盲时间敏感性分析图

Table 2. Subgroup analysis of cecal intubation time

表2. 达盲时间亚组分析

Figure 8. Forest plot of difference in withdrawal time

图8. 退镜时间差异的森林图

Figure 9. Funnel plot

图9. 漏斗图

4. 讨论

结肠镜检查是降低大肠癌发病率和死亡率的重要手段。腺瘤检出率是评价结肠镜检查质量的重要指标 [27] 。提高结肠镜检查的腺瘤检出率可以有效降低受检者的结肠癌和死亡风险 [28] 。结肠镜检查的腺瘤检出率与肠镜医师的操作水平及结肠镜检查技术有关。虽然经验丰富的操作者能够明显提高结肠镜检查的息肉及腺瘤检出率,然而依然有部分腺瘤受限于检查技术会出现漏诊。目前,三甲医院内镜室工作量较大,医生的疲劳状态也可能影响结肠镜的检查结果 [29] ,我们需要更有优势的检查技术辅助临床医师,保证结肠镜检查的质量。近年来,水交换结肠镜在提升结肠镜检查质量和减轻受检者不适等方面备受关注。为客观评价水交换结肠镜在结肠镜检查中的有效性和实际价值,我们进行了这项荟萃分析。

本文的结果表明,水交换结肠镜组较空气充气组有更高的腺瘤检出率,两组数据对比有明显的统计学差异。这种现象的出现有几种可能的机制,最重要的是水交换可以改善肠道准备情况,使结肠镜医师能够专注于寻找病变,其次,注水对结肠形态的影响较小,此外,水的放大作用可使肿瘤血管的改变更加明显。在检查成功率方面,两组数据对比没有显著统计学差异。水交换结肠镜在检查过程中没有增加检查医生的进镜难度。在检查效率方面,水交换结肠镜组与空气充气组相比需要更长的达盲时间和退镜时间。水交换结肠镜效率较低的原因有两种可能,水交换结肠镜是一种新兴的检查技术,相较于传统空气充气,检查医师的熟练度较低,其次由于水和气是完全不同相态的物质,以及注水和注气所使用设备的不同,水交换肠镜操作过程中注水及抽水可能比注气及抽气更耗时。

我们的荟萃分析也有其局限性。由于符合纳入条件的文献较少,使用不同镇静麻醉方式的研究均纳入一个组,因此本文也未统计患者主观评价的部分指标,如最大疼痛评分、复检意愿等。此外,不同结肠镜检查医师的经验可能会影响结肠镜检查的结果,如在达盲时间的统计中,我们发现来自同一中心的数据具有同质性,但不同中心的数据异质性明显。未来,随着结肠镜辅助技术与人工智能的发展,水交换结肠镜可与透明帽、色素内镜、染色内镜及人工智能等多种技术相结合,结肠镜诊断的敏感性和特异性将随着技术的升级进一步提高。

总之,水交换结肠镜相较于传统空气充气结肠镜,在提高腺瘤检出率方面有明显优势,在检查成功率方面无明显差异,在检查效率方面稍显逊色。鉴于提升腺瘤检出率对于受检者的获益,水交换结肠镜的推广是有意义的。

参考文献

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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