三角纤维软骨复合体损伤治疗研究现况
Research Status of Treatment of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injury
DOI: 10.12677/acm.2024.1441203, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 46  浏览: 74 
作者: 唐佳寅, 梅 玺, 樊效鸿*:成都中医药大学临床医学院,四川 成都
关键词: 腕关节关节镜检查三角纤维软骨复合体综述Wrist Joint Arthroscopy Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Review
摘要: TFCC损伤是常见的腕尺侧疼痛原因之一,由于其复杂的解剖结构及导致下尺桡关节不稳定的致病特点,易导致患者腕关节功能受损,并显著影响日常生活质量。近年来,TFCC损伤的治疗研究快速发展,多种治疗方式给临床治疗带来了更多的选择。
Abstract: TFCC injury is one of the common causes of ulnar wrist pain. Due to its complex anatomical structure and pathogenic characteristics of causing inferior ulnar-radial joint instability, it is easy to cause wrist function injury in patients and significantly affect the quality of daily life. In recent years, the treatment of TFCC injury has developed rapidly, and a variety of treatment methods have brought more choices for clinical treatment.
文章引用:唐佳寅, 梅玺, 樊效鸿. 三角纤维软骨复合体损伤治疗研究现况[J]. 临床医学进展, 2024, 14(4): 1640-1646. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2024.1441203

1. 引言

腕关节三角纤维软骨复合体(Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex, TFCC)是位于腕关节尺侧的一组软骨板与韧带复合结构,对下尺桡关节(Distal Radioulnar Joint, DRUJ)的稳定性起重要作用 [1] 。TFCC由于复杂的解剖结构及功能要求,易受到多种因素损伤导致腕关节的疼痛,使得TFCC损伤成为了腕关节损伤的常见原因之一 [2] 。近年来,TFCC治疗手段层出不穷,本文主要从创伤型损伤以及退行性损伤两方面对TFCC治疗作一综述。

TFCC是一组位于尺骨与腕骨之间的软骨韧带复合体,主要起承担轴向负荷、稳定下尺桡关节及近排腕骨的作用 [3] 。TFCC位于尺骨与腕骨之间,起自桡骨尺侧,止于尺骨远端和尺腕骨;TFCC主要由三角纤维软骨(TFC)、半月板近似物、尺侧腕伸肌肌腱腱鞘、尺侧副韧带、掌背侧桡尺韧带、尺三角韧带和尺月韧带组成 [4] 。三角纤维软骨(Triangular Fibrocartilage, TFC)是TFCC主体部分,起隔离尺腕关节和传导径向应力的作用 [5] 。它起自桡骨尺切迹,行经尺骨头,分为浅层尺骨茎突支及深层尺骨凹支,分别止于尺骨茎突及其内侧隐窝。

TFC中央缺乏血供,主要依靠关节液营养,尺侧部分有来源于尺动脉分支的及骨间前动脉供应,但供应区较小,仅占周边10%至30%。故而TFCC中央区缺乏血供较差,在受到急慢性损伤后难以愈合,在手术治疗中多以清创为主 [6] 。

TFCC损伤诊断需要根据病史、临床症状及辅助检查诊断。创伤型损伤由于前臂旋前位跌倒、腕背伸或者腕尺侧直接撞击,往往合并有尺骨或者桡骨骨折。而退行性损伤常由尺腕关节的慢性过度性负荷导致,与腕关节尺侧慢性负荷、尺骨撞击综合征或尺骨正变异等相关。其症状主要表现为腕关节尺侧的疼痛、旋腕无力、弹响以及腕关节活动受限。常见体征则包括腕关节尺偏实验阳性、“琴键征”、“尺骨凹”实验阳性等。常用的辅助检查包括:X线、腕关节造影、MRI以及腕关节镜。后者是诊断TFCC损伤的“金标准”,常用的镜下试验包括:蹦床试验、HOOK试验,可分别用于探测TFCC的浅层和深层纤维的完整性,同时结合Atzei分型帮助制定修复方案。

TFCC损伤常见分型包括Plamer分型及Atzei分型。Plamer分型分为创伤型(I型)与退变型(II型):I型:IA型为TFCC中央穿孔;IB型为TFCC尺侧附着撕脱,伴或不伴尺骨远端骨折;IC型为TFCC背侧撕脱;ID型为TFCC桡侧附着部撕脱,伴或不伴乙状切迹骨折。II型:IIA型为TFCC磨损;IIB型为TFCC磨损伴有月骨或尺骨软骨软化,偶见软骨下骨质侵蚀;IIC型为TFCC穿孔,月骨或尺骨头软骨软化;IID型为IIC型基础上合并月三角韧带损伤;IIE型则是在IID型基础上合并尺腕关节炎 [7] 。Atzei在Palmer IB型的基础上结合关节镜下的表现,提出更具有指导治疗作用的分型:I型:茎突附着部分撕裂,适用于缝合手术;II型:茎突及尺骨凹附着部完全但可修复撕裂,适用于缝合和尺骨凹固定手术;III型:孤立尺骨凹附着部TFCC撕裂或尺骨茎突撕脱骨折,适用于尺骨凹固定手术或尺骨茎突固定术;IV型:广泛而不可修复撕裂,适用于TFCC重建术;V型,外周部撕裂伴有DRUJ关节炎或骨软骨损伤,适用于下尺桡关节置换术 [8] 。

2. 创伤型(Palmer I型) TFCC损伤治疗

2.1. 保守治疗

保守治疗一般适用于下尺桡关节稳定且无移位骨折的患者,包括制动、支具固定、物理治疗、皮质醇药物注射及口服非甾体抗炎药等。支具固定患者配合度较高,有研究表明佩戴合适支具可增加了TFCC病变患者的负重能力 [9] 。Tse YL等 [10] 制定了包括矫形器和锻炼在内的康复方案以治疗创伤型TFCC损伤,周期性随访结果提示患者疼痛、功能评分及DRUJ稳定性明显改善。

2.2. 腕关节镜下手术

腕关节镜下TFCC修复重建等手段因其利于诊断、微创的优势,现正逐渐成为TFCC损伤后的主要手术形式,近年来腕关节镜下新的手术方式层出不穷,术者需根据损伤部位、类型及术者的经验,选用不同的手术方式。外周型损伤中Atzei II型以上的损伤由于三角纤维软骨尺骨凹支的损伤,较大损害了下尺桡关节的稳定性 [11] ,并且该型损伤常常在桡骨远端创伤中合并发生,故而成为了临床的常见分型,也是研究的热点。

2.2.1. 关节囊缝合固定术

赵加松等 [12] 尝试使用一种新的全内修复技术治疗Atzei I级TFCC撕裂,将线结固定于关节内,并发现该方法较之由外向内的缝合方式显著减少了皮下线结反应发生率。Soliman等 [13] 基于双缝合线技术改进,使用单根缝合线进行修复,这种技术还避免了使用多股缝合线的繁琐操作与缝合线打结的可能。Tsai等 [14] 通过全关节镜使用Fast-Fix缝合器直接将TFCC固定在关节囊来治疗Atzei II级和III级病变,将其作为缝合锚或经骨修复的可行替代方案并取得了初步成果。

2.2.2. 经骨隧道固定术

Gvozdenovic等 [15] 改进了经骨隧道修复技术,在尺骨工作隧道的近端口以锚钉固定缝线,从而减少了骨膜缝合导致的术后疼痛。Lee等 [16] 在缝合修复术基础上改建了旋前方肌的尺侧端起点,起到了加强下尺桡关节的稳定性的作用。Yang等 [17] 使用不同位点的四根缝合线最大化TFCC与尺骨凹足迹之间的接触,从而扩大愈合区域。Thalhammer等 [18] 于关节镜下复桡尺掌背侧韧带经骨隧道固定,在随后的中长期随访中患者功能恢复良好,其DASH评分的改善尤为突出。Liu等 [19] 在双骨隧道固定TFC的同时分别特异性修复了背侧和掌侧桡尺韧带,通过这种更接近正常解剖和生理状态的特异修复,恢复TFCC的正常生理机能,增宽了手术修复范围从而促进愈合,且更贴合生理状态下运动模式。Park等 [20] 在为期2年的桡骨远端钢板固定患者中发现于术后6月内,存在下尺桡关节不稳发生率随时间减少的现象。对持续存在症状的下尺桡关节不稳进行TFCC修复。在接下来的长期随访中,受术者的下尺桡关节稳定性和疼痛均明显好转,提示镜下修复TFCC可能是对创伤后慢性下尺桡关节不稳的有效治疗措施。Park等 [21] 人的一项回顾性研究将患者分为3组,在受伤6月内、6月至12月及12月以上的三组,进行了同样的单隧道TFCC修复后取得了相似的结局,他们认为尽管不同的后果可能与纤维化和TFC尺骨凹支的瘢痕组织的形成有关,但恢复的DRUJ稳定性的维持不受手术时机的影响,这似乎是由于TFCC的复杂性导致。有小样本的实验提示在一期修复失败后,剩余的尺骨TFCC残余物可能适用关节镜下单隧道经骨缝合技术修复下尺桡关节稳定性 [22] 。有研究表明即使是存在尺骨茎突骨折不愈合,经骨隧道缝合术仍能恢复下尺桡关节稳定性以及腕关节功能 [23] 。

2.2.3. 锚钉固定术

Auzias等 [24] 进行了一项关于TFCC锚钉固定修复术的研究,并探究TFCC与周围韧带损伤的关系,结果发现TFCC锚钉修复术可显著减轻疼痛,改善功能结果,增加DRUJ稳定性。此外其关节镜检查结果提示Atzei-EWAS 2类和3类TFCC损伤的患者可能存在部分尺三角韧带撕裂。随着对下关节稳定性认知的加深,背侧关节囊对稳定性的作用被重视。Neto等 [25] 在TFCC锚钉修复基础上行背侧关节囊与伸肌支持带加强术,所有患者在术后DASH评分均明显降低。卢承印等 [26] 采用锚钉修复将Atzei-EWAS 2型TFCC损伤患者的TFCC分别缝合了掌背侧的深层,在应用锚钉固定浅层,以求达到三维立体解剖修复。

2.2.4. 重建

对于严重慢性TFCC撕裂,TFCC重建是恢复腕关节功能并减轻疼痛的主要手段 [27] 。Yeh等 [28] 的研究表明在关节镜下使用掌长肌腱移植重建TFCC可以在保护尺侧腕屈肌完整的情况下恢复下尺桡关节的稳定性。Liu等 [29] 认为若TFCC的乙状切迹的附着完好,则可以考虑于腕关节镜下利用TFCC残余物于掌长肌腱进行TFCC重建,并进行了小样本的对照研究,经过中期随访,患者的腕关节功能与DRUJ得到了恢复。Carratalá等 [30] 提出了一种改进的全关节镜下的TFCC重建术。该重建技术复刻了TFC在尺骨凹、乙状切迹的掌背侧附着点,并通过在骨隧道内一体化的肌腱成形术来获得更稳定的重建。

Arimitsu等 [31] 描述了一种掌侧入路的TFCC重建加Wafer术治疗慢性退行性尺三角韧带和晶片手术治疗慢性TFCC损伤伴下尺桡关节不稳的患者。通过截取尺三角韧带翻转后锚定于尺骨凹中达成TFCC重建,其技术优势在于:① 作为掌侧入路,避免了尺侧腕伸肌对术区的遮挡。② 尺三角韧带与掌侧尺桡韧带联系紧密,可以直接进行固定而无需缝线的加固。③ 尺三角韧带作为移植物自带固有的血供,可以帮助促进愈合。

2.3. 开放手术

Thillemann等 [32] 比较健侧与患侧的下尺桡关节运动学参数,并在开放TFCC修复术后进行了为期一年的随访,发现患侧下尺桡关节压力测试期间的位移增加,而在术后的随访中其下尺桡关节动力学参数、疼痛与DASH评分、PRWE评分均有明显改善。Feitz等 [33] 对220例接受开放手术TFCC重建患者进行12个月术后随访,结果提示腕部疼痛、功能及握力等方面得有效改善。

2.4. 手术方式比较

各式各样的关节镜下治疗方式被不断推出,各种治疗方式之间的优劣比较研究也随之涌现。

对于Palmer IB型损伤,Afifi等 [34] 比较了锚钉修复和骨隧道修复技术的临床结局,同时肯定了二者的疗效,发现锚钉修复的术后并发症相对较少。有研究报道全内关节镜缝合锚定技术与关节镜下经骨缝合技术治疗对于Atzei I~III型的患者两种方式的预后除术后屈曲ROM外并无显著区别 [35] 。关节镜三角形纤维软骨复合体修复:Atzei II型病变锚定和拔出技术的生物力学比较。一项尸体研究发现经骨隧道拔出修复与锚钉固定技术相比较,前者对于旋前旋后的抵抗力更强 [36] 。

2.5. 术后康复

术后康复是决定手术疗效的重要环节之一。Jung等 [37] 人使用半旋后位下的短石膏固定为TFCC修复术后病人进行固定,发现半旋后位的短石膏在限制前臂旋前方面与长石膏固定一样有效,且显著减少了惯用手接受外固定导致的残疾率。Chang CM等 [38] 在为期8周的关节镜下修复TFCC术后的电针治疗观察中验证了电针对改善手腕功能的有效性。

3. 退行性(Palmer II型) TFCC损伤治疗

退行性损伤常由于尺腕关节的慢性过度性负荷导致,其治疗方式包括上文所述保守治疗、尺骨截骨术(USO)、Wafer尺骨头薄层截骨术、关节镜下清创术以及TFCC重建术等。

Sander等 [39] 比较了接受保守治疗以及关节镜清创术的TFCC损伤患者,指出在下尺桡关节稳定的情况下二者的临床结局并无显著差异。

但还有报道对Palmer 2C型TFCC损伤并伴有尺骨正变异的患者进行长期回访,发现即使存在尺骨正变异,DASH评分、Mayo评分及活动度较术前仍有了显著改善,再次验证了对于该类型TFCC损伤关节镜下清创术的有效性和安全性 [40] 。

Shaer等 [41] 在尺骨截骨术同时应用了改进后的TFCC重建和下尺桡关节稳定术,在保证下尺桡关节稳定的同时,保留了前臂的旋前旋后活动性,有效恢复了腕关节功能。Zhou等 [42] 改进了尺骨截骨术,基于生物力学分析将传统的逆行单螺钉固定改为了顺行双螺钉固定,降低了尺骨延迟愈合、植入物反应以及进一步Wafer术TFCC损伤的风险。Im等 [43] 报道了联合尺骨干骺端截骨术以及TFCC修复的研究,他们通过同一切口先后完成了截骨以及TFCC锚钉修复,因而创伤较小,同时由于可以将TFCC与尺腕复合体,提供了各种TFCC撕裂修复的可行性。

4. 讨论

综上,如今TFCC损伤作为腕关节疼痛的常见原因之一,受到越来越多的临床关注,而其治疗方式随着近年的研究而逐渐清晰,对于TFCC的治疗逐渐向着精准化、多元化发展。然而许多研究干预方式差异较大,不同研究之间结局缺乏可比性。且缺少进一步大规模、多中心的临床对照研究,尚需要进一步的研究以求更好地指导临床。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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