人性中的勇气——心理学对古老美德的重拾与彰显
The Courage in Human Nature: Re-Picking up and Highlighting the Ancient Virtue from Psychological Perspective
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2016.62020, PDF, HTML, XML,  被引量 下载: 2,601  浏览: 12,566  科研立项经费支持
作者: 钱 胜, 王文霞, 叶敏捷:温州医科大学附属康宁医院,浙江 温州;温州康宁精神卫生研究所,浙江 温州
关键词: 勇气积极心理学存在主义临床心理治疗Courage Positive Psychology Existentialism Clinical Psychotherapy
摘要: 勇气是东西方文化中的传统美德,本文对勇气的哲学起源进行简要介绍,对勇气的定义、类型、测量方法、脑神经机制、相关因素以及在各领域尤其是在临床心理治疗的应用进行较深入的探讨,并对未来的研究提出展望。
Abstract: Courage is a traditional virtue in the east and west culture. This article briefly introduced the phi-losophical origin, deeply discussed definition, type, measurement method, brain mechanism, re-lated factors and the application of clinical psychotherapy in various fields of courage, and put forward the future research prospect.
文章引用:钱胜, 王文霞, 叶敏捷 (2016). 人性中的勇气——心理学对古老美德的重拾与彰显. 心理学进展, 6(2), 158-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/AP.2016.62020

参考文献

[1] 方红, 郭本禹(译) (2008). 存在之发现. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社. (May, R., 1994)
[2] 古若雷, 罗跃嘉(2009). 我们为什么焦虑? 自然杂志, 31(2), 109-117.
[3] 郭本禹(1997). 法兰克尔的意义治疗. 中国临床心理学杂志, 5(4), 249-251.
[4] 吕耀怀(2010). “勇”德的中西异同及其扬弃. 上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 39(2), 31-37.
[5] 邱岳(2010). 道德经注评. 北京: 金盾版社, 31.
[6] 涂阳军, 郭永玉(2010). 创伤后成长: 概念、影响因素、与心理健康的关系. 心理科学进展, 18(1), 114-122.
[7] (清)王夫之(撰) (1865). 续春秋左氏传博议. 《续春秋左氏传博议》卷上, (丛书)船山遗书, 曾氏节署.
[8] 宣庆坤(2006). 论蒂里希关于勇气的本体思考及其意义. 滁州学院学报, 8(2), 17-20.
[9] 杨伯峻(译注) (1985). 孟子译注. 北京: 中华书局.
[10] 张燕婴(译注) (2006). 论语. 北京: 中华书局, 131.
[11] (宋)朱熹(1992). 孟子集注. 济南: 齐鲁书社.
[12] Aristotle (1962). The Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. M. Ostwald. New York: Macmillan.
[13] Baumann, S. L. (2007). Wisdom, Compassion, and Courage in the Wizard of Oz: A Human Becoming Hermeneutic Study. Nursing Science Quarterly, 21, 322-329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894318408323488
[14] Brymer, E., & Oades, L. G. (2009). Extreme Sports: A Positive Transformation in Courage and Humility. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 49, 114-126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167808326199
[15] Curtis, D. F., & Kelly, L. L. (2013). Effect of a Quality of Life Coaching Intervention on Psychological Courage and Self- Determination. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 11, 20-38.
[16] Goud, N. H. (2005). Courage: Its Nature and Development. Journal of Huma-nistic Counseling, Education & Development, 44, 102-116.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-490X.2005.tb00060.x
[17] Greenberg, J., Vail, K., & Pyszczynski, T. (2014). Terror Management Theory and Research: How the Desire for Death Transcendence Drives Our Strivings for Meaning and Significance Original Research Article. Advances in Motivation Science, 1, 85-134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2014.08.003
[18] Gruber, C. (2011). The Psychology of Courage: Modern Re-search on an Ancient Virtue. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 45, 272-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12124-011-9155-x
[19] Hannah, S. T., Sweeney, P. J., & Lester, P. B. (2007) Toward a Courageous Mindset: The Subjective Act and Experience of Courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 129-135.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228854
[20] Hartley, D. H. (2011). Sun Tzu and Command Assessment: A Study on Commander’s Courage. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 6, 263-273.
[21] Homer (1951). Iliad. Trans. Richmond Lattimore. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
[22] Isaksen, A. S., & Gjengedal, E. (2000). The Significance of Fellow Patients for the Patient with Cancer: What Can Nurses Do? Cancer Nursing, 23, 382-391.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200010000-00010
[23] Kendall, S. (2006). Admiring Courage: Nurses’ Percep-tions of Caring for Patients with Cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 10, 324-334.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2006.01.005
[24] Kilmann, R. H., O’Hara, L. A., & Strauss, J. P. (2010). Developing and Validating a Quantitative Measure of Organizational Courage. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 15-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9125-1
[25] Konter, E., & Ng, J. (2012). Development of Sport Courage Scale. Journal of Human Kinetics, 33, 163-172.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0055-z
[26] Lindh, I. B., Barbosa da Silva, A., Berg, A., & Severinsson, E. (2010). Courage and Nursing Practice: A Theoretical Analysis. Nursing Ethics, 17, 551-565.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733010369475
[27] Lopez, S. J., O’Byrne, K. K., & Peterson, S. (2003). Profiling Courage. In S. J. Lopez, & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Positive Psychological Assessment: A Handbook of Models and Measures (pp. 185-197). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10612-012
[28] Martin, A. J. (2011). Courage in the Classroom: Exploring a New Frame-work Predicting Academic Performance and Engagement. School Psychology Quarterly, 26, 145-160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023020
[29] Mavroudis, C. (2003). A Partnership in Courage. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 75, 1366-1371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4975(03)00346-1
[30] May, R. (1978). The Courage to Create. New York: Bantam Books.
[31] Medina, M. (2008). Everyday Courage, Living Courageously without Being a Hero. Existential Analysis, 19, 280-298.
[32] Mowrer, O. H. (1960). Learning Theory and Behavior. New York: Wiley.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10802-000
[33] Muris, P. (2009). Fear and Courage in Children: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 486-490.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-009-9271-0
[34] Muris, P., Mayer, B., & Schubert, T. (2010). “You Might Belong in Gryffindor”: Children’s Courage and Its Relationships to Anxiety Symptoms, Big Five Personality Traits, and Sex Roles. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41, 204-213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10578-009-0161-x
[35] Nili, U., Goldberg, H., Weizman, A., & Dudai, Y. (2010). Fear Thou Not: Activity of Frontal and Temporal Circuits in Moments of Real-Life Courage. Neuron, 66, 949-962.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.009
[36] Norton, P. J., & Price, E. P. (2007). A Meta-Analytic Review of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Outcome across the Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 521-531.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a
[37] Norton, P. J., & Weiss, B. J. (2009). The Role of Cou-rage on Behavioral Approach in a Fear-Eliciting Situation: A Proof-of-Concept Pilot Study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 212-217.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.07.002
[38] Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The Cognitive Control of Emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 242-249.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010
[39] Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification. New York: Oxford University Press.
[40] Pury, C. L. S., Kowalski, R. M., & Spearman, J. (2007). Distinctions between General and Personal Courage. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 99-114.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760701237962
[41] Putman, D. (1997). Psychological Courage. Philosophy, Psy-chiatry, & Psychology, 4, 1-11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ppp.1997.0008
[42] Putman, D. (2001). The Emotions of Courage. Journal of Social Phi-losophy, 32, 463-470.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0047-2786.00107
[43] Rabieh, L. R. (2006). The Plato and the Virtue of Courage. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
[44] Rachman, S. J. (1984). Fear and Courage. Behavior Therapy, 15, 109-120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(84)80045-3
[45] Rachman, S. J. (2004). Fear and Courage: A Psychological Perspective. Social Research, 71, 149-176.
[46] Ramfelt, E., Severinsson, E., & Lutzen, K. (2002). Attempting to Find Meaning in Illness to Achieve Emotional Coherence: the Experiences of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Nursing, 25, 141-149.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200204000-00011
[47] Rate, C. R., Clarke, J. A., Lindsay, D. R., & Sternberg, R. (2007). Implicit Theories of Courage. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 80-98.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760701228755
[48] Salvtore, R. M. (2006). Hardiness: The Courage to Grow from Stress. Journal of Positive Psychology, 1, 160-168.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760600619609
[49] Schilpzand, P., Hekman, D. R., & Mitchell, T. R. (2015). A Typology and Process Model of Workplace Courage Organization. Science, 26, 52-77.
[50] Schmidt, N. B., & Koselka, M. (2000). Gender Differences in Patients with Panic Disorder: Evaluating Mediation of Phobic Avoidance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 531-548.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005562011960
[51] Sekerka, L. E., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2007). Moral Courage in the Workplace: Moving to and from the Desire and Decision to Act. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16, 132-149.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00484.x
[52] Sekerka, L. E., Bagozzi, R. P., & Charnigo, R. (2009). Facing Ethical Challenges in the Workplace: Conceptualizing and Measuring Professional Moral Courage. Journal of Business Ethics, 89, 565-579.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-0017-5
[53] Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Positive Psychology, Positive Preven-tion, and Positive Therapy. In C. R. Snyder, & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 3-9). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272079249_Positive_psychology_positive_prevention_and_positive_therapy_Handbook_of_positive_psychology
[54] Thompson, K. L., Hannan, S. M., & Miron, L. R. (2014). Fight, Flight, and Freeze: Threat Sensitivity and Emotion Dysregulation in Survivors of Chronic Childhood Maltreatment. Personality and Individual Differences, 69, 28-32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.05.005
[55] Tillich, P. (1980). The Courage to Be. New Haven, CT & London: Yale University Press.
[56] Wetterneck, C. T., Lee, E. B., Smith, A. H., & Hart, J. M. (2013). Courage, Self-Compassion, and Values in Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 2, 68-73.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.09.002
[57] Woodard, C. R. (2004). Hardiness and the Concept of Courage. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 56, 173-185.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1065-9293.56.3.173
[58] Woodard, C. R., & Pury, C. L. (2007). The Construct of Courage: Categorization and Measurement. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 59, 135-147.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1065-9293.59.2.135