里院建筑—青岛里院街区空间构成及居民生活方式研究

摘要: 青岛位于山东半岛南部，濒临黄海。作为一个沿海多山的城市，青岛的地形具有海岸线曲折并伴有海角及海湾点缀其中的特征。20世纪初，青岛被德国占领，西式街道和建筑也因此在青岛得以建造。里院即是德国占领期间中国劳工所居住建筑的名称。里院在保留中国传统四合院式空间结构的同时结合了西方的建筑技术，因此具备中西两种风格。此外，里院也是中国最早的现代住宅区。里院街区的空间系统在影响当地居民的生活方式及社交网络方面扮演了重要角色。而它作为一代又一代青岛人民的家，更是已经成为了一个精神符号。因其历史及鲜明的建筑特点，里院建筑被指定为青岛历史文化保护区之一，它的存在也有助于在青岛市内形成一个独特的地理景观。上世纪八十年代以来，青岛市区重建及重新开发工程对里院的保护产生了巨大的影响，许多不同群体均对此表示了担忧。本研究展示了里院街区的地理位置，根据院落组成及建筑特征对其进行了分类并分析了里院空间构成与当地居民生活方式之间的关系。

Abstract: Qingdao lies in the south of Shandong Peninsula, on the coast of the Yellow Sea. As a coastal and hilly city, Qingdao has topographic features consisting of twisted coastlines dotted with capes and bays. The beginning of the 20th century witnessed the construction of western-style streets and buildings in Qingdao when it was occupied by Germany. Liyuan is the name of the residential buildings for Chinese labors during the German occupation. Liyuan retains the spatial composition of Chinese quadrangles (Siheyuan), and at the same time the feature of western technology. Therefore, they have both Chinese and western flavors. In addition, they are the earliest urban residential complexes in China. The space system of Liyuan blocks has played an important role in the lifestyle and social network of the local residents. Liyuan has been the home of Qingdao people from generation to generation, which makes it a spiritual symbol. Owing to its history and characteristics, Liyuan architecture has been designated as one of the historical and cultural protected areas in Qingdao, and has contributed to the formation of a distinctive geographical landscape. Since the 1980s, urban renewal and redevelopment in Qingdao have greatly impacted upon the protection of Liyuan, which has aroused concern from various communities. This research on Liyuan shows the geographic location of all the Liyuan blocks, classifies them in terms of courtyard composition and architectural features, and analyzes the relationship between their spatial composition and the residents’ life-style.