工作记忆负荷对风险决策框架效应的影响
Working Memory Load Affecting the Framing Effect of Risk Decision-Making
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2017.71013, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 1,937  浏览: 5,258  国家科技经费支持
作者: 严欣静, 游旭群：陕西师范大学心理学院，陕西 西安；陕西省行为与认知神经科学重点实验室，陕西 西安
关键词: 风险决策；框架效应；工作记忆负荷；双加工；Risk Decision； Framing Effect； Working Memory Load； Dual-Process
摘要: 风险决策中的框架效应(Framing Effect)是指由于对同一问题的表达方式不同，导致决策出现偏差的现象。框架效应是由Tversky和Kahneman (1981)在前景理论(Prospect Theory)的基础上提出的，是描述性决策理论反驳规范性决策理论的有力例证。近年来，对风险决策框架效应现象的研究成果颇丰，但针对框架效应内在认知机制的研究却相对贫乏。为进一步揭示风险决策中框架效应的内在机制，本研究在双加工理论的基础上，探讨了工作记忆负荷对框架效应的影响。实验采用2 (积极框架/消极框架) × 2 (无工作记忆负荷/有工作记忆负荷)两因素被试间设计，随机选取陕西师范大学自愿参加实验的80名被试，其中男生32人，女生48人，随机分配到4个小组，每组20人。结果表明：1) 框架类型主效应显著；2) 工作记忆负荷主效应不显著；3) 框架类型与工作记忆负荷之间在P = 0.05水平时交互作用显著。研究表明框架效应的产生需要较多的认知资源，倾向于分析式加工过程。
Abstract: Tversky and Kahneman (1981) introduced the term framing effect for a decision maker’s repre-sentation of a decision problem including acts outcomes and contingencies associated with dif-ferent alternatives. Framing effect is made up on the basis of prospect theory, which is a typical case of the descriptive decision theory, but violates the formal decision theory. In recent years, the research on the phenomenon of the framing effect is fruitful, but the research of the inner cognitive mechanism of framing effect is relatively poor. In order to further reveal the internal mechanism of effect of framework in risk decision, the study discusses the effect of working memory load on framing effect on the basis of the theory of dual-process, using 2 (positive framing, negative framing) × 2 (working memory load, no working memory load) among subjects experimental design. In the experiment, 32 boys and 48 girls were randomly selected from Shaanxi Normal University, and randomly assigned to four groups, 20 subjects in each group. The results showed that: 1) the main effect of frame type is significant; 2) the main effect of working memory load is not significant; 3) the interaction of frame type and working memory load is significant at P = 0.05 level. Research shows that framing effect needs more cognitive resources; it tends to be an analytical processing procedure.
文章引用：严欣静, 游旭群 (2017). 工作记忆负荷对风险决策框架效应的影响. 心理学进展, 7(1), 96-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/AP.2017.71013

参考文献

[1] Burns, B. D., & Vollmeyer, R. (2002). Goal Specificity Effects on Hypothesis Testing in Problem Solving. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55, 241-261.
[2] Cleeremans, A, & Jimenez, L. (2002). Implicit Learning and Consciousness: A Graded, Dynamical Perspective. In R. M. French, & A. Cleeremans, Eds., Implicit Learning and Consciousness: An Empirical, Philosophical and Computational Consensus in the Making (pp. 1-40). Hove: Psychology Press.
[3] Covey, J. (2014). The Role of Dispositional Factors in Moderating Message Framing Effects. Health Psychology, 33, 52-65. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029305
[4] De Martino, B., Kumaran, D., Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2006). Frames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the Human Brain. Science, 313, 684-687. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1128356
[5] Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness Revisited: Attribute Substitution in Intuitive Judgment. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman, Eds., Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (pp. 49-81). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808098.004
[6] Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47, 263-291. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185
[7] Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). Allframes Are Not Created Equal: A Typology and Critical Analysis of Framing Effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76, 149-188. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2804
[8] Maule, J. (1989). Positive and Negative Decision Frames: A Verbal Protocol Analysis of the Asian Disease Problem of A. Tversky and D. Kahneman. In Montgomery & O. Svenson (Eds.), Process and Structure in Decision Making (pp. 163- 180). Chichester: Wiley.
[9] Mcelroy, T., & Seta, J. J. (2004). On the Other Hand Am I Rational? Hemispheric Activation and the Framing Effect. Brain and Cognition, 55, 572-580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.04.002
[10] Rothman, A. J., & Updegraff, J. A. (2011). Specifying When and How Gain- and Loss-Framed Messages Motivate Healthy Behavior: An Integrated Approach. In G. Keren (Ed.), Perspectives on Framing (pp. 257-278). New York: Psychology Press.
[11] Sloman, S. A. (2002). Two Systems of Reasoning. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (pp. 379-396). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808098.024
[12] Stark, E., Baldwinb, A. S., Hertelc, A. W., & Rothmand, A. J. (2016). The Role of Rational and Experiential Processing in Influencing the Framing Effect. The Journal of Social Psychology, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1198301
[13] Svenson, O. (1992). Differentiation and Consolidation Theory of Human Decision Making: A Frame of Reference for the Study of Pre- and Post-Decision Processes. Acta Psychologica, 80, 143-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(92)90044-E
[14] Svenson, O., & Maule, J. A. (1993). Time Pressure and Stress in Human Judgment and Decision Making. New York: Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6846-6
[15] Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice. Science, 211, 453-458. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7455683
[16] Whitney, P., Rinehart, C. A., & Hinson, J. M. (2008). Framing Effects under Cognitive Load: The Role of Working Memory in Risky Decisions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 1179-1184. https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.15.6.1179