旧学与新制：张之洞的“中学”分科

Ancient Learning and New System: Chang Chih-tung’s Classification for National Studies

摘要: 西潮的冲击使近代中国在“传统之外”变。中学在中西学战中惨败，尤其是停罢科举提上日程后，作为固有的传统学术“旧学”，如何与学堂这一“新制”兼容并存，是清季官绅办学时关注的焦点。西方的分科治学在为问题的解决提供思想资源时，却又与中学原本不分家的传统相轩轾进而解构了中学的统系。以往的研究多集中于《奏定学堂章程》的文本解读，忽略了张之洞出任学政和外放督抚时期在地方的办学实务和学制思考。本文拟从一个长程的视角梳理张之洞划分中学门类的演变历程，将之与《奏定学堂章程》相参考，展现张之洞对中西学体认的动态历史图景，最后从何时习外语入手，透析张之洞在规划学制时折衷中西的独到安排。

Abstract: Modern China changed beyond the tradition since the impact of West Tide. Chinese ancient learning was defeated in the Sino-Western academic battle, especially when stopping the imperial examination was put on the agenda, and as a Chinese intrinsic traditional academic, how to coexist with the new school system is a focus in the Late Qing Dynasty. Western classification is a great example for this problem, however, it deconstructed Chinese Academic form because of different tradition. Previous studies always focused on the interpretation of the text of the Constitution of Guimao, thus ignored Chih-tung’s practice and thought before. This paper tries to depict the evolution process of Chih-tung’s classification for National studies from a slightly longer-term perspective, and compares it with the Constitution of Guimao. Finally, I analyze Chih-tung’s unique arrangements in Sino-Western learning from foreign languages.