内蒙古牧区牧业人口迁移特征及其原因探讨——以正镶白旗照拉嘎查为例

Study on the Features and Causes of Stockbreeding Population Migration in the Pastoral Areas in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region—A Case of Zhaolagacha, Zhengxiangbai

摘要: 内蒙古草原是我国北部边疆一道强大的生态屏障，20世纪末，草畜双承包项目实施以来，多数牧民将承包到户的草场用网围栏围起来，项目局部起到保护草原的作用，但是因草原被分割成许多小单元，草场退化严重，草场承载力下降，畜牧业成本增加，畜牧业收入下降，许多牧民放弃畜牧业，另谋职业，因此90年代后牧区出现人口迁移现象。在这个背景下为了探究研究区人口迁移的原因，本文以内蒙古正镶白旗照拉嘎查为案例地，进行个案研究及植被样方分析。研究发现：调查区人口迁移的主要原因是草场破碎化和退化导致牧区牧民难以维持生计，从而致使人口外迁量增加。与此同时，外迁人口生活水平也并未达到小康标准。

Abstract: The Inner Mongolia grassland is the strong ecological barrier for the northern border of China. Since the double-contracting project of grass-livestock was implemented at the end of the 20th century, most herdsmen have enclosed the contracted grasslands of the households with protective screening. So the project has contributed to protecting the grasslands to an extent. However, the grasslands were divided into many small units, the grasslands were seriously degraded, the carrying capacity of the grasslands was declining, the cost of animal husbandry was increasing, and the income of animal husbandry was falling. Therefore, many herdsmen gave up the animal husbandry and sought other jobs. Then people have been migrating from the pastoral areas after the 1990s. In this context, in order to study the reasons for such migration in the research area, the paper takes Zhengxiangbaiqi Zhaolagacha in Inner Mongolia as the case, conducts the case study and plant sample analysis. The study found that the main reason of population migration in the investigation area was that the fragmentation and degradation of grassland made it difficult for herdsmen to make a living, which led to the increase of population migration. At the same time, the living standard of the external migration population did not reach the well-off standard.