寿命与延寿

Life Span and Prolong of Life Span

摘要: 寻找延长寿命的方法是生物医学家孜孜不倦的追求。随着抗衰老研究的不断突破，人类的平均期望寿命达到前所未有的高度并仍在不断提高。端粒的发现，干细胞应用研究的进步，多个长寿基因的发现更激发了人们对延长寿命奥秘的探索。受遗传因素限制，人的最大寿命大约为120岁。已发现的长寿基因有：沉默蛋白或沉默信息调节因子2，玛士撒拉基因，插头框基因，功能性雷帕霉素靶，生长激素/胰岛素样生长因子1/胰岛素通路等。后天干预通过改变这些基因的表观遗传学实现延寿。80%的早发心脏病、中风和Ⅱ型糖尿病以及40%的癌症可以通过饮食控制、经常锻炼和拒绝烟草制品来预防。流行病学显示，战争造成的食物摄入减少(但无营养不良)反而延长人的寿命并预防老化性疾病。饮食(卡路里)限制抑制mTOR通路，进而抑制生长激素/胰岛素样生长因子1/胰岛素通路，发挥其延寿作用。缺乏运动和体力活动已成为21世纪最大的公共卫生问题。运动能延缓端粒的缩短，能预防糖代谢和脂代谢紊乱，并全面提高人体适应能力。

Abstract: Looking for the way to prolong life span is the tireless pursuit of biomedical scientists. With the breakthrough of anti-aging research, the average life expectancy of human beings has reached an unprecedented high and is still improving. The discovery of telomeres, advances in stem cell re-search and the discovery of multiple longevity genes have stimulated people to explore the mystery of life extension. Limited by genetic factors, the maximum life span of a person is about 120 years old. Longevity genes have been identified including silencing protein or silencing information regulator 2, Massala gene, plug box gene, functional rapamycin target, growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1/insulin pathway, etc. Acquired intervention can prolong life by altering the epigenetics of these genes. 80% of early cardiovascular disease, stroke, and type II diabetes and 40% of cancer can be prevented by dietary control, regular exercise and rejection of tobacco products. Epidemiologic investigation showed that food restriction without maligant malnutrition due to war prolonged human life span and prevented age-related diseases. Diet (carlorie) restriction inhibit mTOR pathway, further it inhibit growth hormone /insulin-like growth factor 1/insulin pathway and plays its role in longevity. Lack of exercise and physical activity has become the biggest public health problem in the 21st century. Exercise can delay telomere shortening, prevent disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism and comprehensively improve human adaptability.