云南大理褐家鼠戊型肝炎病毒分子流行病学调查
Molecular Epidemiological Investigation of Hepatitis E Virus in Rattus norvegicus in Dali, Yunnan
DOI: 10.12677/ACRPVM.2020.92003, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 550  浏览: 1,245 
作者: 彭福春*:大理州洱源县右所镇农业综合服务中心,云南 大理
关键词: 戊型肝炎病毒逆转录巢式PCR组织病理学Hepatitis E Virus Reverse Transcription Nested PCR Histopathology
摘要: 目的:了解云南省大理州捕获的褐家鼠中戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E Virus, HEV)感染流行率。方法:采用逆转录巢式聚合酶链反应(RT-nested PCR)技术及组织病理学观察(H.E.),对大理55份褐家鼠组织样品进行检测。结果:本次实验检测55份褐家鼠组织样品,其中肝脏中HEV阳性率为18.1% (10/55),肾脏中HEV阳性率为10.9% (6/55),且均无性别差异。组织病理学观察发现HEV感染会引起鼠组织损伤。结论:云南省大理州褐家鼠中存在戊型肝炎病毒感染,这将有利于中国戊型肝炎病毒的了解与防治。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) infection in Rattus norvegicus captured from Dali prefecture, Yunnan province. Methods: 55 samples of Rattus norvegicus from Dali city were tested by Reverse Transcription nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-nPCR) and Histopathological observation (H.E.). Results: Fifty-five Rattus norvegicus tissue samples were tested in this study, among which the HEV positive rate in the liver was 18.1% (10/55) and the HEV positive rate in the kidney was 10.9% (6/55). Histopathological observations showed that HEV infection caused tissue damage in mice. Conclusion: There is hepatitis E virus infection in Rattus norvegicus in Dali prefecture of Yunnan province, which is beneficial to the understanding and prevention of hepatitis E virus in China.
文章引用:彭福春. 云南大理褐家鼠戊型肝炎病毒分子流行病学调查[J]. 亚洲兽医病例研究, 2020, 9(2): 19-24. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACRPVM.2020.92003

1. 引言

戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E Virus, HEV)是急性肝炎的主要病原体之一,其发病率居于急性病毒性肝炎之首 [1]。世界卫生组织(WHO)数据显示全球每年有2000万人感染HEV,其中死亡患者约7万人,在孕妇中致死率高达25% [2]。HEV属于肝炎病毒科,正肝炎病毒属,是一种准包膜单链RNA病毒,有八种基因型(HEV 1-8)和一个血清型,可感染多种哺乳动物 [3] [4] [5]。其中HEV1和HEV2只感染人类 [6],HEV3、HEV4和HEV7为人畜共患基因型,可感染家猪、鹿、野猪和人类等 [7],HEV5和HEV6从日本野猪中分离得到 [8],从骆驼中分离得到的是基因型HEV-7和HEV-8 [9]。

正肝炎病毒属可分为4种,包括感染人类的正肝炎病毒A (HEV-A),在鸡中发现的正肝炎病毒B(HEV-B),在大鼠和雪貂中发现的正肝炎病毒C (HEV-C),以及在蝙蝠中发现的正肝炎病毒D (HEV-D)。HEV-C,也被称为鼠戊型肝炎病毒,与HEV-A的序列同源性约为55%~60% [10]。过去十年中,在兔子、雪貂、貂、狐狸和驼鹿身上发现了越来越多的HEV类病毒 [11] [12] [13] [14]。鼠戊型肝炎病毒最早在德国发现,随后在美国、越南、印度尼西亚和中国的鼠类中均检测到这种病毒 [11] [15] [16] [17] [18]。近年来,有研究报道鼠戊肝病毒在世界范围内的鼠群中流行率较高 [19] [20]。在中国云南省大理州的牛、山羊和猪中HEV感染阳性率较高,分别为37.1%、74.1%和33.3% [21] [22] [23]。然而,戊型肝炎病毒在云南家鼠中的感染情况尚不清楚,本文对大理地区戊肝病毒感染情况进行了初步调查。

2. 材料和方法

2.1. 样本收集

褐家鼠(成年雄性,18~22 g,n = 30;成年雌性,18~22 g,n = 25)由工作人员于2015年在大理地区某农村收集。采集新鲜的褐家鼠肝脏和肾脏,一半置于−80℃保存备用,一半浸泡于福尔马林溶液中备用。

2.2. 主要试剂

RNAiso Plus、逆转录酶(Rtase M-MLV)、RNA酶抑制剂、实时荧光定量PCR试剂(SYBR R Premix Ex TaqTM II)均购自宝生物工程(大连)有限公司。

2.3. RNA的检测与定量

使用TRIzol®试剂盒(Invitrogen,美国),按照试剂盒使用说明书分离肝脏和肾脏的总RNA。采用实时逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测鼠戊型肝炎病毒RNA。RT-PCR采用逆转录酶试剂盒(AMV,Takara,日本)进行。

2.4. HEV组织病理学分析

将鼠肝脏和肾脏组织在固定液中固定修整、经过梯度酒精脱水、置于37℃的透明液1 h,浸泡到石蜡中。在石蜡中包埋冷却后,于切片机进行切片,烘干备用。将组织切片浸泡到透明液I、II、III中37℃各1 h,切片经过梯度酒精进行复水,然后浸泡到苏木精中染色4 min,再浸泡到1%盐酸乙醇中分化8 s。将切片浸泡到0.5%氨水中8 s进行反蓝,然后浸泡到伊红中染色8 s复染,再于梯度酒精中进行脱水,浸泡到37℃透明液I、II中各20 min。将载玻片浸泡在透明载玻片用中性树胶密封,检查,并在显微镜下观察组织病理学变化及拍照 [24]。

2.5. 统计分析

采用GraphPad Prism 5软件对实验数据进行统计分析。采用Wilcoxon配对检验确定两组间差异的显著性,在本试验中,以0.05的概率水平(P < 0.05)为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 褐家鼠中HEV RNA阳性率

为了了解戊型肝炎病毒在褐家鼠中的感染率,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-nPCR)对云南省55例褐家鼠(雌性25例,雄性30例)的肝脏及肾脏组织的RNA进行了检测,如图1所示。结果显示肝脏中检测为HEV阳性为10例,阳性率为18.1% (10/55),肾脏中HEV阳性9例,阳性率为10.9% (6/55),这揭示了HEV感染在褐家鼠中高度流行。

Figure 1. HEV RNA positive rates in liver and kidney tissues of Rattus norvegicus

图1. 褐家鼠肝脏和肾脏组织中HEV RNA阳性率

3.2. HEV感染在褐家鼠中无性别差异

在30例感染HEV的雄性褐家鼠肝脏中发现,HEV RNA阳性为7例,阳性率为23.3% (7/30),在25例感染HEV的雌性鼠肝脏中,5例检测为阳性,阳性率为24% (6/25),且雄性与雌性之间无显著差异(P = 0.3385)。在肾脏组织中,雄性HEV RNA阳性为4例,阳性率为13.3% (4/30),雌性有三例检测为RNA阳性,阳性率为16% (4/25),且雌性与雄性之间无显著差异(P = 0.0704)。因此,肝脏和肾脏的HEV RNA阳性率在性别上无显著差异,如图2所示。

Figure 2. Positive rates of HEV RNA in different sex rat tissues of Rattus norvegicus

图2. 褐家鼠HEV RNA在不同性别大鼠组织的阳性率

3.3. 组织病理学观察(H.E.)

采用病理学观察方法检测感染鼠肝脏和肾脏中是否存在炎症反应,从而进一步了解HEV感染可能引起组织损伤。结果显示大鼠组织出现肝脏炎症浸润,出现多核巨细胞;肾脏出现肾小球炎,肾小管炎,如图3。这揭示了戊肝病毒的感染会引起组织损伤。

Figure 3. Histopathological observation of liver and kidney of infected mice

图3. 感染鼠肝脏及肾脏组织病理学观察

4. 讨论

啮齿动物已被证明易受多种戊型肝炎病毒感染,因此可能是人类和家畜的潜在感染源 [25]。在日本的一项研究中,来自猪场的56只棕色大鼠(褐家鼠)中有10只对戊型肝炎病毒呈阳性反应,此外,棕色大鼠已被证明有自己独特的戊型肝炎病毒种类,即大鼠戊型肝炎病毒 [26]。作为一种新兴的与HEV相关的病原体,鼠戊型肝炎病毒首次在德国的一只挪威大鼠中被检测到 [15]。目前,在不同的国家均发现存在这种病毒,如德国、越南和美国等 [15] [16] [18],这提示戊肝病毒感染在世界范围内的鼠类中广泛存在。

在本研究中,我们调查了来自中国云南省大理州褐家鼠中戊肝病毒的流行情况。结果发现在鼠的肝脏及肾脏中均有较高的阳性率,且无性别差异。组织病理学分析也显示肝脏及肾脏组织中有组织损伤,这些数据有力地证明了鼠HEV感染存在较高的风险高。综上所述,在云南省大理州,戊肝病毒在褐家鼠中感染率较高。戊型肝炎以前并不被认为是人畜共患病,最近一项研究表明,香港大鼠中分离的一株HEV与肝功能异常患者中分离的HEV相似,且免疫抑制的个体易出现持续性的HEV感染和肝外表现 [27],这提示了鼠HEV感染存在较高的人畜共患的危险。然而,大理分离的大鼠戊肝病毒是否会引起人类感染尚不清楚,因此,急需开展大规模的检测,并做好相应的灭鼠和防疫工作。

5. 结论

云南省大理州褐家鼠中存在戊型肝炎病毒感染,且戊型肝炎病毒会导致褐家鼠组织损伤,这将对中国戊型肝炎病毒的了解与防治发挥重要作用。

致谢

感谢昆明理工大学黄芬教授及王文静同学对本实验做出的贡献。

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