顺义区黑臭水体治理策略研究及未来展望
Research and Prospect of Black and Odorous Water Treatment Strategy in Shunyi District Beijing
DOI: 10.12677/AEP.2020.103033, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 719  浏览: 3,240 
作者: 甄恩龙, 郭 彬:中清科创发展股份有限公司,北京
关键词: 黑臭水体治理技术智慧城市互联网Black and Smelly Water Governance Technology Smart City Internet
摘要: 城市黑臭水体是我国当前突出的水环境问题,城市黑臭水体治理是一个长期的系统工程,应因地制宜,选择合适的综合治理技术及措施。本文以顺义区城市黑臭水体处理为切入点,简述黑臭水体治理的相关技术策略,同时结合黑臭水体的成因以及未来“互联网 + 智慧城市”发展趋势,提出顺义区城市智慧管网管理新模式,并对未来黑臭水体治理趋势做出展望。
Abstract: The treatment of black and smelly water in city is a long-term systematic project, which should be adapted to local conditions and select appropriate comprehensive treatment technologies and measures. Taking city black odor water treatment as the breakthrough point, this paper briefly introduces the relevant technical strategies for black and odorous water treatment. Combined with the causes of black and foul water and the future trend of Internet plus smart city, this paper puts forward a new model of intelligent pipe network management in Shunyi District, and makes a prospect for the trend of the treatment of the black and foul water bodies in Shunyi District Beijing.
文章引用:甄恩龙, 郭彬. 顺义区黑臭水体治理策略研究及未来展望[J]. 环境保护前沿, 2020, 10(3): 291-295. https://doi.org/10.12677/AEP.2020.103033

1. 前言

水体黑臭现象的产生是一个复杂的物理、化学和生物过程,涉及因素较多,主要包括水体有机物污染、氮磷污染、底泥及底质再悬浮、微生物代谢以及热污染等。水体溶解氧的不足是导致水体黑臭的直接原因。

随着我国经济的快速增长及城市化进程的加快,城市市政基础设施建设已无法满足工业废水、生活污水、农田退水处理的需要,大量污水排至城市水体中,导致河道污染物增加、生态系统遭到破坏,水体富营养化,黑臭水体不仅恶臭熏天,损害城市人居环境,还直接影响群众生产和生活的水环境问题。黑臭水体现已成为我国急需解决的城市化难题[1] [2]。

如今,黑臭水体的治理已经上升至国家战略层面的高度,国务院于2015年4月颁布了《水污染防治行动计划》,提出了分期整治城市黑臭水体的目标。到2020年,地级及以上城市建成区黑臭水体均控制在10%以内,到2030年,城市建成区黑臭水体总体得到消除。

2. 顺义区水系分析及黑臭水体处理现状

顺义区境内河流分属北运河、潮白河、蓟运河三个主要水系,大小20余条河流,依据北京市环保局《黑臭水体判定参考标准》(京环函[2015] 323号),按照黑臭水体判定级别标准,通过对顺义区现有水系的调查监测,顺义区黑臭水体共有10条河流计10个河段,长度30.65 km,详见表1。其中重度黑臭水体1段,长度4 km;轻度黑臭水体9段,长度26.65 km。

Table 1. Determination results of black and foul water bodies in Shunyi District

表1. 顺义区黑臭水体判定结果表

近些年,黑臭水体段河道附近的居民对黑臭水体意见较大,黑臭水体无法为新城建设提供可靠的水环境支撑,虽然顺义区2017年对10条黑臭水体的治理工程已全部完工并投产使用,但整体情况和治理参差不齐,并未达到理想的效果,“黑臭”反复的现象时有发生,因此,如何通过科学手段实现顺义区水环境的“长治久清”是顺义区如今面临的一大难题。

顺义区水体治理目前还存在以下主要问题:

1) 现有顺义区污水处理厂站的出水已经无法满足新的排放标准;

2) 顺义区大部分河道缺乏地表水水源的有效补给,水体生态性较差,自净能力不足;

3) 城市地表径流污染长期存在,汛期溢流普遍存在;夏季易爆发严重水华,腐化后产生刺鼻的气味,严重影响居民的生活,同时严重破坏水体的生态平衡,死鱼现象频繁发生。

3. 国内外城市黑臭水体治理相关技术

黑臭河道治理技术主要可分为以下三类:1) 物理治理技术,2) 化学治理技术,3) 生物–生态修复技术。其中物理治理技术又包括截污纳管、引水冲污、清淤疏浚及曝气富养;化学治理技术又包括化学除藻及化学固定[3] [4];生物–生态修复技术包括微生物强化、植物净化、人工湿地及组合生物–生态修复技术等。以上技术实施存在的潜在不利因素以及适应性情况见表2 [1] [2] [5]。

Table 2. Treatment technology and application of common black and foul water bodies

表2. 常用黑臭水体治理技术及应用情况分析

城市黑臭水体通常成因复杂,影响因素众多,具有季节性、容易复发等特点,其地域特征以及水体环境条件都直接影响黑臭水体的治理难度和工程量,在治理方式上应避免对水环境和水生态造成二次污染[6],城市黑臭水体整治技术的选择应适时遵循“适用性、综合性、经济性、长效性和安全性”的原则,实现远期水质的进一步改善及水质稳定达标的目标,

4. 黑臭水体成因及“互联网+”智慧管理模式

水体黑臭是水体有机污染的一种极端现象,由于河道中排入的污水不断增加,导致水体中化学需氧量(COD)、氮(N)、磷(P)等污染物浓度超标,河流水体污染严重,水体出现季节性或终年恶臭。黑臭水体不仅影响水生态系统、水生生物,造成生态系统结构严重失衡,同样也给人类视觉感官及身体健康带来严重的影响[7]。

在当前“互联网+”的热潮下,我国智慧城市的建设正在迅速崛起,并将迎来新一轮的快速发展,对不同城市的每个角落的水体数据进行梳理、加工和整合,建立水生态“大数据”监管系统,加强智慧监管,推动集聚区因地制宜建设污水集中处理设施,强化污染治理[8]。

1) 推广《互联网 + 顺义环保、顺义水务》等一批政务微信公众号、微博账户,设立公众对工业废水排放、养殖污染、沿岸排水设施、违法建设、河道堤防维护和河岸边河涌垃圾等问题的投诉窗口,增加社会公众对环境的知情权、参与权、监督权,激发网友的关注度,调动起网友的力量,拓宽监督视角,发挥出更大的“微”立,实现对污染行为的精准打击。

2) 完善建立顺义区《互联网 + 河长制》治理模式,配套官方河长巡查、会议、督办等18项制度,实现官方河长领治、上下同治、部门联治、全民群治、水陆共治的工作新布局[9] [10]。压实各级河长管理和保护河道的责任,结合实际情况,为“民间河长”购买保险、购买设备、配套工作服等,为“民间”河长巡河做好后勤保障工作。

3) 加大顺义区水务基础设施建设,建立《互联网 + 智慧水务》管理系统,将水位测量、排放口排放时间、流量、位置等数据整合在一起,对河道内的生态恢复状况、修复设备、生态浮岛、生态坝、流动湿地和排涝、排污等实时在线监控,可短时间内迅速锁定排污位置,排污时间和排量,做到及时排查、截污,保障河道生态系统的恢复与治理效果。基础排水管网智慧管理系统设施形象联系图如图1所示。

Figure 1. Image connection diagram of drainage network intelligent management system facilities

图1. 排水管网智慧管理系统设施形象联系图

5. 建议与展望

顺义区应积极着力推动“数字水务”向智慧水务转型,打造河长管理信息系统,实现“互联网+河长制”全面落地开花,未来主要建议做以下工作:

1) 黑臭水体的治理工作是一项系统工程,应牢记“问题在水体,根源在岸上”的治理方向,多部门协同,通过加大污染源查控力度,从源头实现入河污染物减排;

2) 黑臭水体治理,完善污水收集处理系统是关键,通过加快工程建设力度,逐步补齐完善污水设施短板;

3) 环保清淤,减少内源污染。对于河道较窄、淤泥较浅的地区,可以在旱季,分区、分段排干河水,通过人工、机械清挖的方式,清理河道淤泥。对于河道较宽、淤泥较深的地区,可以通过驳船,利用超声等技术实施水下挖掘,清除河底淤泥;

4) 管网工程与海绵城市改造同步进行,城市排水管网密度达到国际标准:20~30 km/km²。将传统“快排雨洪管理模式”转变为“渗、滞、蓄、净、用、排”的新模式,巩固黑臭水体治理成效,建立长效营养机制是保障。

城市黑臭水体是当今城市污染治理工程的重要组成部分,治理过程复杂且具有长期性,在实际整治过程中,应根据黑臭水体的成因灵活选择和运用各种治理技术,降低治理成本,将黑臭水体的治理纳入到城市建设中,彻底消除河道黑臭问题,实现“水清、流畅、岸绿、景美”的河道建设新目标。

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