血清胱抑素C与颈动脉粥样硬化相关性研究
The Relationship between Serum Cystatin C and Carotid Atherosclerosis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2020.106159, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 774  浏览: 1,262 
作者: 闫柳柳:青岛大学,山东 青岛;韩 迪*, 郑 雨, 李云法, 郭孝兹, 王 燕, 耿凡琪:青岛大学附属医院全科医学科,山东 青岛
关键词: 胱抑素C斑块性质颈动脉狭窄颈动脉粥样硬化缺血性脑血管病Cystatin C Plaque Carotid Stenosis Carotid Atherosclerosis Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease
摘要: 目的:探讨缺血性脑血管病(Ischemic cerebrovascular disease, ICD)患者血清胱抑素C (Cystatin C, CysC)与颈动脉斑块性质及颈动脉狭窄程度的关系。方法:选取完善头颈部CT血管造影(CTA)的ICD患者128例,采用全自动生化分析仪测定其CysC水平。根据研究对象的血清CysC中位数水平将研究对象分为低CysC组(n = 66,CysC浓度≤0.95 mg/L)和高CysC组(n = 62,CysC浓度>0.95 mg/L),然后比较两组患者的颈动脉斑块性质和颈动脉狭窄程度。使用Spearman等级相关分析血清CysC水平与ICD患者颈动脉斑块性质和颈动脉狭窄程度的相关性。结果:高CysC组钙化斑块的比例较低CysC组低(χ2 = 18.636, P < 0.05),混合性斑块和脂质斑块的比例均高于低CysC组(χ2 = 7.326, P< 0.05; χ2 = 11.291, P < 0.05),差异均具有统计学意义;高CysC组和低CysC组斑块总比例差异无统计学意义(χ2 = 3.185, P > 0.05)。高CysC组轻度狭窄比例较低CysC组低(χ2 = 20.243, P < 0.05),中度、重度或闭塞比例均高于低CysC组(χ2 = 7.212, P < 0.05; χ2 = 7.819, P < 0.05),差异均具有统计学意义;高CysC组和低CysC组颈动脉狭窄总比例差异无统计学意义(χ2 = 1.671, P > 0.05)。Spearman等级相关分析显示,ICD患者颈动脉斑块稳定程度、颈动脉狭窄程度均与血清CysC呈正相关(r = 0.450, P < 0.05; r = 0.376, P < 0.05)。结论:ICD患者颈动脉斑块性质、颈动脉狭窄程度与血清CysC水平相关。高CysC水平会增加不稳定斑块发生率,加重颈动脉狭窄程度。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum cystatin C (CysC) and the property of carotid plaque and the degree of carotid stenosis in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICD). Methods: 128 patients with ICD who had completed CT angiography (CTA) of head and neck were selected and their CysC levels were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer. The subjects were divided into low CysC group (n = 66, CysC concentration ≤ 0.95 mg/L) and high CysC group (n = 62, CysC concentration > 0.95 mg/L) according to the median level of serum CysC of the subjects. Then the property of carotid plaque and the degree of carotid stenosis were compared between the two groups. Spearman grade correlation was used to analyze the correlation between serum CysC level and carotid stenosis and plaque property in ICD patients. Results: The proportion of calcified plaque in high CysC group was lower than that in low CysC group (χ2 = 18.636, P < 0.05); the proportion of mixed plaque and lipid plaque was higher than that in low CysC group (χ2 = 7.326, P < 0.05; χ2 = 11.291, P < 0.05), the difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the total proportion of plaque between high CysC group and low CysC group (χ2 = 3.185, P > 0.05). The proportion of mild stenosis in high CysC group was lower than that in low CysC group (χ2 = 20.243, P< 0.05), and the proportion of moderate, severe or occlusion was higher than that in low CysC group (χ2 = 7.212, P < 0.05; χ2 = 7.819, P< 0.05), and the difference was statistically significant. The total proportion of carotid stenosis in high CysC group and low CysC group was not statistically significant (χ2 = 1.671, P > 0.05). Spearman grade correlation analysis showed that the degree of carotid plaque stability and carotid stenosis in ICD patients were positively correlated with serum CysC (r = 0.450, P < 0.05; r = 0.376, P < 0.05). Conclusion: The properties of carotid plaque and the degree of carotid stenosis were correlated with the level of serum CysC in ICD patients. High CysC level will increase the incidence of unstable plaque and aggravate the degree of carotid stenosis.
文章引用:闫柳柳, 韩迪, 郑雨, 李云法, 郭孝兹, 王燕, 耿凡琪. 血清胱抑素C与颈动脉粥样硬化相关性研究[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(6): 1049-1055. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.106159

1. 引言

脑卒中是严重危害人类健康的疾病,已成为世界第二大死亡原因。我国约占世界人口的五分之一,每年新发脑卒中病例约200万,其中缺血性脑血管病(Ischemic cerebrovascular disease, ICD)约占70% [1]。研究表明,约30%的ICD与颈动脉狭窄程度和斑块破裂有关 [2]。颈动脉狭窄每增加10%,患ICD的风险会增加26% [3]。颈动脉粥样硬化(Carotid atherosclerosis, CAS)是发生颈动脉狭窄的基础,是ICD最重要的危险因素。颈动脉斑块脱落引起的颅内动脉栓塞和颈动脉狭窄导致脑血流远端灌注不足是CAS引起ICD的主要机制。血清胱抑素C (Cystatin C, CysC)是一种重要的内源性组织蛋白酶抑制剂,也是早期反应肾功能状态的理想内源性标记物 [4]。CysC与半胱氨酸蛋白酶失衡可以导致动脉粥样硬化的发生 [5]。研究证实,高水平的CysC会增加心血管事件的发生风险,是心血管疾病发生的独立预测因子 [6] [7] [8]。目前关于血清CysC水平与ICD关系的关系尚不确切,CysC与CAS的相关性仍未阐明。本研究搜集了128例ICD患者的实验室检查结果、临床及影像学资料,分析血清CysC水平与颈动脉斑块性质及颈动脉狭窄程度的关系,为探讨CysC与ICD之间的联系提供临床参考。

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 研究对象

选取自2019年5月至2020年5月青岛大学附属医院收治的128例ICD患者。纳入标准:符合《中国脑血管疾病分类2015》中ICD的诊断标准 [9];经头颅MRI及CT确诊;完善头颈部血管CT造影;无意识功能障碍。排除标准:合并出血性脑卒中者;合并血液系统疾病者;合并恶性心律失常者;合并心、肝、肾功能不全者;合并肿瘤者;对造影剂过敏者;合并妊娠者或哺乳期女性。所有ICD患者的CysC平均水平为(1.04 ± 0.34) mg/L,中位数为0.95 mg/L。根据血清CysC中位数水平 [10],将患者分为低CysC组(n = 66,CysC浓度≤0.95 mg/L)和高CysC组(n = 62,CysC浓度>0.95 mg/L)。低CysC组和高CysC组患者的一般资料包括性别、年龄、平均年龄及是否合并慢性病(高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常),见表1。本研究取得青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准。所有患者签署知情同意书。

2.2. 方法

使用德国西门子双源CT进行头颈部CTA检查。嘱患者取仰卧位,采集其头颈部扫描定位像。经肘正中静脉注入对比剂碘海醇90~100 ml,注射流率为3.5~4.5 ml/s。扫描延时时间启动后,设定触发阈值为110 Hu,进行横断面扫描,扫描过程中保证患者头颈部绝对制动,扫描的范围为主动脉弓至颅顶下2 cm。采集研究对象空腹状态下的静脉血5 ml,4℃条件下3000 r/min离心10 min后收集上层血清。采用全自动生化分析仪(日本日立公司)测定ICD患者血清CysC水平。颈动脉狭窄程度标准参照北美症状性颈动脉内膜切除试验法(North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trail, NASCET),即根据CTA颈动脉内径缩小的程度划分为轻度狭窄(血管狭窄程度<50%),中度狭窄(血管狭窄程度50%~70%),重度狭窄或闭塞(血管狭窄程度>70%) [11]。根据斑块的Hu衰减值将颈动脉斑块分为三类:脂质斑块(CT值≤50 Hu)、混合性斑块(CT值50~119 Hu)及钙化斑块(CT值≥120 Hu) [12],三者的稳定性依次增强。

2.3. 统计学处理

采用SPSS23.0软件进行统计分析。计数资料用 x ¯ ± s 、例(百分率)表示,组间比较用t检验或c2检验,采用Spearman等级相关分析ICD患者血清CysC与颈动脉斑块性质及狭窄程度的相关性;P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 两组ICD患者一般资料比较

低CysC组患者66例,其中男性35例,女性31例;高CysC组患者62例,其中男性37例,女性25例;两组患者男女比例差异无统计学意义(c2 = 0.574, P > 0.05)。低CysC组平均年龄(69.17 ± 7.20)岁,高CysC组平均年龄(71.15 ± 10.34)岁,两组ICD患者年龄差异无统计学意义(t = 1.363, P > 0.05)。低CysC组ICD患者合并高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常分别为29例、25例、22例,高CysC组ICD患者合并高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常分别为31例、27例、25例;两组合并高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常的比例差异均无统计学意义(c2 = 0.472, P > 0.05; c2 = 0.426, P > 0.05; c2 = 0.672, P > 0.05)。低CysC组和高CysC组ICD患者一般资料的差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。见表1

Table 1. Comparison of general data of ICD patients

表1. ICD患者一般资料比较

3.2. 两组ICD患者颈动脉斑块性质比较

两组患者颈动脉斑块性质比例比较,高CysC组钙化斑块的比例较低CysC组低(c2 = 18.636, P < 0.05),差异具有统计学意义;混合性斑块和脂质斑块的比例均高于低CysC组(c2 = 7.326, P < 0.05; c2 = 11.291, P < 0.05),差异均具有统计学意义;高CysC组和低CysC组斑块总比例差异无统计学意义(c2 = 3.185, P > 0.05)。见表2

Table 2. Comparison of carotid plaque properties between two groups of ICD patients/cases (percentage)

表2. 两组ICD患者颈动脉斑块性质比较/例(百分率)

3.3. 两组ICD患者颈动脉狭窄程度比较

两组患者颈动脉狭窄程度比例比较,高CysC组轻度狭窄比例较低CysC组低(c2 = 20.243, P < 0.05),差异具有统计学意义;中度、重度或闭塞比例均高于低CysC组(c2 = 7.212, P < 0.05; c2 = 7.819, P < 0.05),差异具有统计学意义;高CysC组和低CysC组颈动脉狭窄总比例差异无统计学意义(c2 = 1.671, P > 0.05)。见表3

Table 3. Comparison of carotid stenosis degree between two groups of ICD patients/cases (percentage)

表3. 两组ICD患者颈动脉狭窄程度比较/例(百分率)

3.4. ICD患者血清CysC水平与颈动脉斑块性质及狭窄程度的相关性

比较ICD患者血清CysC水平与颈动脉斑块性质及狭窄程度的相关性,Spearman等级相关分析结果表明,ICD患者血清CysC水平与颈动脉斑块性质、狭窄程度呈正相关,r值分别为0.450 (P < 0.05)、0.376 (P < 0.05)。见表4

Table 4. Correlation between the level of serum CysC and the property of carotid plaque and the degree of carotid stenosis inpatients with ICD

表4. ICD患者血清CysC水平与颈动脉斑块性质及狭窄程度的相关性

4. 讨论

ICD是神经科的常见疾病,也是最常见的卒中类型,其发病率、致死率及致残率较高。ICD主要症状体征包括:面部、手臂或腿部突然麻木、无力;突然意识不清、失语;突然出现视力障碍;突然头晕、行走困难;突然出现原因不明的严重头痛 [13]。高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、吸烟、肥胖、尿酸、同型半胱氨酸、超敏C反应蛋白等因素均可促进颈动脉斑块的形成并增加患ICD的风险。CAS是ICD发生的首要危险因素,约30%的ICD与颈动脉狭窄有关 [10],狭窄的基础为CAS。硬化的斑块进展可导致血管狭窄;另一方面,在多种诱因下,不稳定斑块破裂导致血栓形成,也会进一步加重血管狭窄,甚至堵塞血管。目前,ICD的主要治疗方式有药物、血管内介入及外科手术 [14]。

动脉粥样硬化性血管病是一组以动脉壁细胞外基质重构和基质金属蛋白酶、丝氨酸蛋白酶及半胱氨酸蛋白酶诱导细胞外基质降解为特征的炎症性疾病 [15]。颈动脉粥样硬化的基础是血管内皮细胞损伤、血管平滑肌细胞迁移增殖和血管内膜增厚。最近的研究发现CysC参与了动脉粥样硬化的形成 [16],与CAS的发生、发展和预后有关 [17]。据报道,在动脉粥样硬化斑块中CysC水平是降低的 [18]。相反,炎症细胞因子刺激血管壁外的细胞分泌CysC进入循环。因此,CysC在动脉粥样硬化患者血清中呈代偿性增高 [19]。随后由于CysC大量消耗而水平下降,导致组织蛋白酶活性增加,加速颈动脉粥样硬化的发生 [19]。

血清CysC是一种高效的内源性半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,它可以在人体所有的有核细胞进行转录和表达 [20],具有细胞增殖和调节炎症反应的生物学功能 [21]。CysC通过抑制单核细胞迁移 [21]、调节半胱氨酸蛋白酶的活性和影响中性粒细胞的迁移,降低酶和激素前体的活性,维持血管壁蛋白酶和抗蛋白酶分泌的动态平衡,参与血管壁细胞外基质的产生和降解 [10],对于维持血管壁完整性和机体正常生理功能具有重要意义。颈动脉内皮细胞损伤后,单核细胞变成巨噬细胞,CysC表达受到抑制,组织蛋白酶在激活的单核细胞上过表达,半胱氨酸蛋白酶与其抑制剂CysC之间的失衡可能加速细胞外基质降解,单核/巨噬细胞向内膜迁移,从而导致动脉粥样硬化的发生 [8]。CysC还增强中性粒细胞的趋化作用和吞噬作用,参与炎症反应,刺激血管平滑肌细胞合成和释放组织蛋白酶,导致半胱氨酸蛋白酶表达增加,从而促进受损动脉弹性组织的分离而加重血管壁的损伤,大量CysC被消耗以抑制组织蛋白酶的过表达 [22],机体的代偿机制导致其它血管合成更多的CysC [20],最终导致动脉粥样硬化和血清CysC水平升高,动脉粥样硬化斑块负荷增加,斑块形成增加 [23]。

本研究结果显示,高CysC组钙化斑块的比例较低CysC组低(P < 0.05),混合性斑块和脂质斑块的比例均高于低CysC组(P < 0.05),差异具有统计学意义;这提示高水平的CysC可增加不稳定斑块的发生率。本研究结果还显示,高CysC组轻度狭窄比例较CysC组低(P < 0.05),中度、重度或闭塞比例均高于低CysC组(P < 0.05),差异具有统计学意义;这提示高水平的CysC可加重颈动脉狭窄程度。Spearman等级相关分析结果显示,ICD患者颈动脉不稳定斑块发生率、颈动脉狭窄程度与血清CysC水平呈正相关(P < 0.05)。

综上所述,血清CysC与颈动脉粥样硬化存在相关性,其水平可能作为评估颈动脉粥样硬化的标志物。CysC浓度越高,颈动脉斑块越不稳定,颈动脉狭窄程度越重,这可能增加ICD的发病率。本研究通过CTA显像技术评估ICD患者的颈部斑块性质及狭窄程度,较颈部血管超声更为全面、准确。多项研究 [24] - [31] 也表明CysC可能是ICD的独立危险因素。本研究着眼于ICD新的预测因子,分析血清CysC与颈动脉斑块性质及颈动脉狭窄程度的相关性,为ICD的防控提供参考。本研究的局限性在于样本量有限,为单中心研究,因此ICD患者的选择可能存在偏倚,故其结论还需要更大样本、多中心的研究来证实和完善。此外,本研究尚未完全阐明CysC与CAS相关的病理生理机制,这有待进一步的实验研究来解决。

致谢

感谢我的导师韩迪教授,感谢老师对我论文的悉心指导,韩老师对待科研严谨认真,对待工作精益求精,对待病人关怀备至,对待学生和蔼可亲,这些高尚的品格对我产生了潜移默化的影响;感谢医院影像科老师为我答疑解惑。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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