成人原发性化脓性脊柱炎的诊疗与临床研究
Diagnosis, Treatment and Clinical Study of Adult Primary Pyogenic Spondylitis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2020.108231, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 410  浏览: 711 
作者: 戴国华, 李勇阵, 刘 琪, 李书忠*:青岛大学,山东 青岛
关键词: 原发性化脓性脊柱炎诊断治疗预后Primary Pyogenic Spondylitis Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis
摘要: 目的:探讨成年人原发性化脓性脊柱炎的临床特征、诊断、治疗及预后。方法:回顾性分析我科自2016年1月~2019年2月收治的26例成人原发性化脓性脊柱炎的临床资料。结果:16例行手术治疗,10例行保守治疗。所有患者症状均明显缓解,病理学检查均提示化脓性炎性改变,阳性14例,阴性12例。随访6~24个月,平均随访16个月。1例复发后痊愈。术后Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)明显下降,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论:成人原发性化脓性脊柱炎临床表现无特异性,早期诊断较为困难,易误诊漏诊。确诊有赖于MRI检查、活检或细菌学检查。对于无脊柱不稳、脊髓神经压迫症状、硬膜外血肿、进行性恶化的患者可单纯应用抗生素治疗;对于合并脊柱不稳、脊髓神经压迫症状、硬膜外血肿、进行性恶化的患者应采取外科手术联合抗生素治疗。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of primary suppurative spondylitis in adults. Methods: The clinical data of 26 adult patients with primary suppurative spondylitis admitted to our department from January 2016 to February 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: 16 patients received surgical treatment and 10 received conservative treatment. The symptoms of all the patients were significantly relieved, and the pathological examination showed suppurative inflammatory changes, with 10 positive cases and 16 negative cases. The patients were followed up for 6~24 months, with an average of 16 months. One patient recovered after recurrence. Postoperative Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Visual Analogue Scale of pain (VAS) were significantly decreased, with statistically significant differences compared with those before surgery (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The clinical manifestation of adult primary suppurative spondylitis is not specific; early diagnosis is difficult, easy to be misdiagnosed and missed diagnosis. The diagnosis depends on MRI, biopsy, or bacteriology. The patients without spinal instability, spinal nerve compression symptoms, epidural hematoma, and progressive deterioration can be treated with antibiotics alone; the patients with spinal instability, spinal nerve compression symptoms, epidural hematoma, and progressive deterioration should be treated with surgery combined with antibiotics.
文章引用:戴国华, 李勇阵, 刘琪, 李书忠. 成人原发性化脓性脊柱炎的诊疗与临床研究[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(8): 1542-1547. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.108231

1. 引言

原发性化脓性脊柱炎在临床上相对少见,占所有肌肉骨骼感染的2%~7% [1]。Pola E等报道发病率在0.4到2.4/100,000 [2],Kimiaki Sato等报道发病率在0.4~2.0/100,000 [3]。发病率逐年增加 [4],这主要归因于人口老龄化、合并症和诊断能力的提高 [5]。诱发因素包括糖尿病、长期类固醇治疗、恶性肿瘤、肝硬化、慢性肾功能衰竭、尿毒症、营养不良、药物滥用、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染和败血病 [6]。它可以发生在任何年龄,以50~70岁最常见 [7],发病率随年龄的增加而增加。男性发病率高于女性 [8],最常见的感染部位是腰椎,其次是胸椎、颈椎 [6]。

2. 资料与方法

2.1. 一般资料

青岛大学附属医院自2016年1月至2019年2月收治的26例化脓性脊柱炎患者的临床资料。男17例,女9例。年龄20~82岁,平均年龄62.26 ± 14.41岁,病程7 d~1年。累及颈椎1例,胸椎4例,腰骶椎21例。

纳入标准:1) 年龄 ≥ 18岁;2) 临床特征及影像学检查提示脊柱感染;3) 细菌学、活检结果阳性或阴性;4) 组织病理学检查提示化脓性炎。

排除标准:1) 既往脊柱创伤史、脊柱穿刺史及脊柱手术史;2) 结核、布鲁氏菌、真菌等其他类型脊柱感染。

2.2. 临床表现

26例均合并不同程度局灶性脊柱疼痛。10例合并体温升高,10例合并神经症状;6例合并糖尿病;入院前误诊为脊柱结核等疾病4例。

2.3. 实验室及影像学检查

血沉(ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate)增高者25例,C反应蛋白(CRP, C-reactive protein)增高23例,白细胞计数(WBC, white blood cell)增高者10例。3例血培养阳性。均行X线片、CT及MRI检查。X线片可见不同程度椎间隙变窄、椎体骨质破坏征象;CT可见骨质虫蚀样改变,MRI可见典型的T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号。

2.4. CT引导下穿刺

除3例血培养阳性,余23例均行CT引导下穿刺术后行感染组织送病理检查、细菌培养,均提示为化脓性炎,11例阳性,12例阴性。

2.5. 治疗方法

10例无明显手术适应症者行单纯抗生素治疗。16例合并脊柱不稳和或神经症状者行手术联合抗菌治疗。

2.6. 统计学分析

采用SPSS20.0软件,疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry Disability Index (ODI)为计量资料,采用(x ± s)表示,采用t检验,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

保守治疗的10例患者腰部疼痛缓解,随访6~20个月未见复发。手术治疗的16例患者未出现医源性脊髓及神经损伤。1例患者复发后痊愈。术后出院时患者Oswestry功能障碍指数明显下降,从术前的(39.75 ± 3.56)降至(10.87 ± 2.98)。视觉模拟评分明显下降,从术前的(7.56 ± 2.15)降至(3.23 ± 1.12),差异均有统计学意义(p < 0.05)。

典型病例见图1图2,65岁,男,慢性腰痛8个月,加重1周,伴发热,体温在37℃~38℃波动。术前X线片示L4/5椎间隙变窄,骨质破坏;MRI示L4/5椎体及椎间隙异常信号,椎体终板可见骨质破坏。入院后给予经后路腰椎病灶清除、植骨融合、椎弓根螺钉内固定术,术后给予敏感抗生素抗感染治疗。末次随访恢复好。

Figure 1. Preoperative X-ray and MRI

图1. 术前X线、MRI

Figure 2. Postoperative X-ray

图2. 术后X线

4. 讨论

化脓性脊柱炎感染途径通常是血源性、局部扩散、直接接种 [9]。近几十年来随着人口老龄化、合并症和诊断能力的提高,化脓性脊柱炎的发病率不断增加 [10]。本组病例平均年龄在60岁以上,半数以上合并基础疾病,且均行X线、CT、MRI及细菌学检查。

WBC特异性、敏感性差,在脊柱感染的诊断中价值较小 [11]。ESR是化脓性感染的一个敏感的指标,阳性率在75%以上 [12]。CRP是由肝细胞合成的急性期蛋白,敏感性和特异性较高,阳性率在90%以上 [11]。CRP在发病或治疗后恢复正常的速度快于ESR、WBC,且与感染程度呈正相关,ESR则在治愈后以缓慢而不规则的方式降至正常 [13]。本组中阳性率分别为96.15% (ESR)、88.46% (CRP),可见这两个指标在脊柱感染的诊断和治疗中都是很好的筛查和监测手段。

化脓性脊柱炎最常累及腰椎,其次是胸椎、颈椎 [7]。本组病例中分别为腰椎21例、胸椎4例、颈椎1例。普通X线片检查通常是首当其冲 [14],X线在感染后2~8周出现终板模糊、椎间隙缩小、骨质破坏,其灵敏度差,不能早期诊断。磁共振成像(MRI)是脊柱感染诊断的首选,早期灵敏度、特异性和准确性高 [15]。典型表现为T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号,本组26例患者均有典型表现。脊柱肿瘤在MRI上也可能出现类似的T1WI和T2WI信号,是否累及椎间隙有助于区分感染与肿瘤,脊柱肿瘤通常不会累及椎间隙。1例误诊为脊柱肿瘤者MRI显示椎体软骨终板长T1、长T2信号,未累及椎间盘,2周后复查MRI显示椎体软骨终板下方及部分椎间盘出现信号改变,术后病理证实为化脓性炎性改变。还有误诊为脊柱结核2例,退行性变1例,表现均不典型。误诊为脊柱结核的患者MRI显示椎旁脓肿,酷似结核,术中快速冰冻病理证实为化脓性炎性改变,可见MRI有时具有欺骗性 [16]。

临床症状典型的患者,需结合相应的细菌学、活检及组织病理学检查可做出诊断 [17]。Chew F S等 [18] 发现CT引导下经皮穿刺活检是一种准确识别感染病原菌的方法。本组中细菌培养阳性率53.85%,CT引导穿刺阳性率47.83%,这与患者早期使用抗生素治疗、穿刺样本量少是相关的 [19]。

对于无脊柱不稳、脊髓神经压迫症状、硬膜外血肿、进行性恶化的患者可单纯应用抗生素治疗,对于合并脊柱不稳、脊髓神经压迫症状、硬膜外血肿、进行性恶化的患者应采取外科手术联合抗生素治疗 [12]。严格把握手术适应症,保守无效者可行手术治疗 [20]。本例中10例经非手术治愈,16例经手术治愈。

抗菌药物治疗的持续时间一直是个有争议的话题,美国传染病学会建议至少应持续6周的抗菌治疗 [12]。保守治疗的关键在于选择合适的抗生素以及治疗时间,培养阳性的可以选择敏感抗生素治疗,培养阴性的可经验用药 [21]。Rutges J P等 [22] 的随机对照试验表明,抗生素使用6周是非常有效的。一项公开的随机对照试验表明6周抗生素治疗不逊于12周抗生素治疗,但这个研究排除了微生物培养阴性的患者,因此可能影响结果的分析 [23]。一项针对两个复发风险组的研究探讨了抗生素最佳使用时间 [24],经过适当的随访测试,在没有其他危险因素的患者中抗生素治疗持续6周;如果风险增加,则抗生素至少应持续8周。

描述外科治疗策略结果的文章显示,各种各样的外科技术都可以成功治疗化脓性脊柱炎。化脓性脊柱炎常破坏椎间盘上下终板,破坏骨质、椎体塌陷,造成脊柱不稳,单纯清创减压后椎间不稳或假关节发生率高,Fushimi K等 [24] 报告了33例患者经后路手术取得了良好的临床效果。Yaldz C等 [25] 报告了前路手术同样获得了较好的疗效。本组病例分别采用了前路、后路2种治疗方式,同时获得了理想的疗效。术后脊柱达到了即刻的稳定,前期益于椎间感染的控制;后期促进椎间的融合。通过文献的分析,椎间隙感染病例手术同时行内固定并没有增加术后感染复发的机会。

5. 结论

成人原发性化脓性脊柱炎临床表现无特异性,早期诊断较为困难,易误诊漏诊。确诊有赖于MRI检查、活检或细菌学检查。大多数感染早期患者可以通过非手术的方法(如应用抗生素、卧床休息、加强营养等)获得良好疗效。在保守治疗失败、脊柱不稳、脊髓神经压迫症状、硬膜外血肿、进行性恶化的患者时应采取外科手术联合抗生素治疗。手术可以根据患者的具体情况选用最合适的手术方式(包括微创、前路、后路、前后路联合等)。对于培养阳性的病例,可以根据药敏结果选择合适的抗生素;对于培养阴性的患者可以进行经验性用药,并根据临床反应、炎症细胞因子指导抗生素的使用,疗程一般至少持续6周。

声明

本研究经青岛大学伦理委员会许可。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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