中年人群中冠状动脉慢血流与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的相关性分析
Correlation between Coronary Slow Flow and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Middle-Aged Patients
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2020.109285, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 353  浏览: 528 
作者: 张道邹, 魏子秀*:济宁医学院研究生院,济宁市第一人民医院心内科,山东 济宁
关键词: 冠状动脉慢血流睡眠呼吸暂停中年Slow Coronary Flow Sleep Apnea Middle-Aged
摘要: 目的:探究中年人群中冠状动脉慢血流(SCF)与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的相关性。方法:回顾性分析2017年1月~2019年12月于我院治疗的143例OSAS患者的临床资料,根据冠状动脉造影(CAG)结果将患者分为NSCF组(71例)及SCF组(72例),分析比较两组患者的一般资料及相关实验室指标。结果:SCF组的男性患者比例、吸烟史、体重指数(BMI)、收缩压、舒张压、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、尿酸(UA)、睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)、氧减指数(ODI)显著高于NSCF组(P < 0.05);AHI与平均TIMI帧数、BMI、UA、舒张压、ODI呈显著正相关(P < 0.05),与夜间最低脉搏血氧饱和度(LSPO2)呈显著负相关(P < 0.001)。Logistic回归分析显示AHI是OSAS合并SCF的独立危险因素(OR = 1.025, P < 0.05)。OSAS重度组(AHI > 30) SCF的患病率显著高于其余两组(P < 0.05)。结论:OSAS患者AHI与SCF密切相关,AHI升高是SCF的独立危险因素。
Abstract: Object: To investigate the relationship between slow coronary flow (SCF) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in middle-aged patients. Methods: A total of 143 SCF patients in our department from January 2017 to December 2019 were selected and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into NSCF group (n = 71) and SCF group (n = 72) based on the Coronary angiography (CAG). Data of demographics and laboratory measurements were compared and analyzed. Results: Compared to the patients in NSCF group, subjects of SCF group had markedly higher proportion of male patients, smoking history, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterin (LDL-C), uric acid (UA), apnea and hypopnea index (AHI), Oxygen desaturation index (ODI) (P < 0.05). AHI was positively correlated with TIMI-TFC, BMI, UA, diastolic blood pressure, ODI (P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the lowest pulse oxygen saturation (LSPO2) (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that AHI was an independent risk factor of OSAS + SCF (OR = 1.025, P < 0.05), the prevalence of SCF in the severe OSAS group (AHI > 30) was significantly higher than those in the other two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In OSAS patients AHI is inseparably associated with SCF. Increased AHI is an independent risk factor for SCF.
文章引用:张道邹, 魏子秀. 中年人群中冠状动脉慢血流与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的相关性分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(9): 1899-1905. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.109285

1. 引言

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, OSAS)是一种常见的与睡眠有关的呼吸系统疾病,其特征是由于间歇性上呼吸道阻塞而反复发作呼吸暂停和低通气。近年来,大量数据表明OSAS与心脑血管疾病发病率和死亡率密切相关,并且与不良心血管结局独立相关 [1] [2] [3]。冠状动脉慢血流(Slow coronary flow, SCF)为造影剂在心外膜冠状动脉内充盈及排空速度明显延迟,而血管官腔大致正常,此类患者可在一定程度上引起急性心肌梗死、室颤等各种心血管不良事件,严重时可有心源性猝死风险 [4]。本研究通过探讨OSAS患者睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(Apnea and hypopnea index, AHI)与SCF的关系,分析OSAS合并SCF的危险因素,旨在为临床中预防或延缓SCF的发生、发展提供参考依据。

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 研究对象

选取2017年1月至2019年12月入住济宁市第一人民医院经多导睡眠监测证实为OSAS的患者143例,且患者年龄位于40~65岁之间,同时均完善冠状动脉造影(Coronary angiography, CAG)检查。根据冠状动脉造影结果将其分为SCF的患者72例,NSCF患者71例。纳入标准:1) 符合SCF诊断标准 [5]。2) 单支冠状动脉狭窄小于50%。3) 符合OSA的诊断标准 [6]。排除标准:1) 既往陈旧性心肌梗死或心肌梗死恢复期患者;2) 行冠状动脉造影检查示冠状动脉狭窄大于50%及左主干病变的患者;3) 既往或入院后发现先天性心脏病、风湿性心脏病、心力衰竭、肿瘤、心肌病、肺心病、肝功能衰竭、肾功能中重度异常等疾病的患者;4) 高血压未能稳定控制者;5) 既往服用抗血小板药物、降脂类药物。

2.2. 冠状动脉造影及PSG检查

所有患者均采用标准Judkins技术,CAG后血流判定采用TIMI血流帧数法 [7],即造影剂开始进入血管时定义为首帧,当造影剂到达血管末端分支时定义为末帧,其中由于左前降支走行较长,将左前降支血管的TIMI帧数除以1.7得到校正的左前降支TIMI帧数,TFC > 27作为慢血流诊断标准 [8],最后取3支血管的TIMI-TFC均值进行分析。

睡眠监测采用多导睡眠监测仪进行检查,且患者至少保持7 h的睡眠,睡眠监测当天禁止服用镇静类、兴奋类药、催眠药物等及禁止饮酒,患者1周内禁止服用影响睡眠的药物。记录AHI、氧减指数(Oxygen desaturation index, ODI)、夜间最低脉搏血氧饱和度(The Lowest pulse oxygen saturation, LSPO2);其中5 < AHI < 16为轻度OSAS,16 ≤ AHI ≤ 30为中度OSAS,AHI > 30为重度OSAS [9]。

2.3. 一般资料及血脂等相关指标采集

两组患者一般资料包括性别、体重指数(Body mass index,BMI)、吸烟史等;BMI 采用公式:体重(kg)/身高的平方(m2)计算。两组患者入院后均常规抽取空腹8小时静脉血,对甘油三酯(Triglyceride, TG)、总胆固醇(Total cholesterol, TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(High density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)、脂蛋白a、尿酸(Uric acid, UA)、血红蛋白(Hemoglobin, Hb)、血小板平均体积(Mean platelet volume, MPV)、血糖(Glucose, Glu)进行测定。

2.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.2统计学软件对数据进行分析,计数资料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验;计量资料服从正态分布以“ x ¯ ± S ”表示,采用t检验;非正态分布以M(P25, P75)表示,采用Mann-Whitney U检验,用Spearman相关性分析法进行相关性检验;采用Logistic回归分析进一步探索睡眠呼吸暂停与SCF的关系;以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 两组一般资料、血脂及其他指标的对比。

两组患者年龄、MPV、Hb、TC、HDL-C、脂蛋白a、GLU、LSPO2无统计学差异(P > 0.05),SCF组患者性别、吸烟史、血压、BMI、TG、LDL-C、UA、AHI、ODI显著高于NSCF组(P < 0.05) (表1)。

Table 1. Comparison of general and clinical data between the two groups [ x ¯ ± S , M(P25, P75)]

表1. 两组一般资料及临床资料的比较[ x ¯ ± S , M(P25, P75)]

3.2. AHI与相关临床指标的相关性分析

AHI与UA、BMI、舒张压、平均TIMI帧数、ODI正相关(r分别为0.199、0.215、0.185、0.208、0.644,P < 0.05),与LSPO2呈负相关(r为−0.505,P < 0.001) (表2)。

Table 2. The Correlation between AHI and other factors

表2. AHI与各指标的相关性

3.3. 与SCF相关的多因素Logistic回归分析

以SCF为因变量,年龄、性别、BMI、吸烟史、血压、TG、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、脂蛋白a、Glu、UA、MPV、Hb、AHI、ODI、LSPO2为自变量进行Logistic逐步回归分析,AHI是SCF的独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。在此基础上,根据AHI将OSAS分为轻度(5 < AHI < 16)、中度(16 ≤ AHI ≤ 30)、重度组(AHI > 30),分析每组人群发生SCF的风险,发现重度组发生SCF的风险显著增高(OR = 3.221, P < 0.01) (表3)。

Table 3. Logistic regression analysis

表3. 多因素Logistic回归分析

3.4. 轻度、中度、重度组SCF的患病率比较

轻度、中度、重度的患者SCF患病率分别为13.98%、13.98%、22.37%,其中重度组SCF的患病率较轻度及中度组显著增高(P < 0.05),而轻度、中度组之间SCF的患病率比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05) (图1)。

Figure 1. Comparison of SCF prevalence in mild, moderate and severe groups

图1. 轻度、中度、重度组SCF的患病率比较

4. 讨论

OSAS是指由于上呼吸道阻塞而导致的在睡眠中反复发作的呼吸暂停或气流减少的现象。一些OSAS患者并不表现出打鼾或者呼吸暂停等典型症状,故很多患者没有得到确诊。但有研究表明,OSAS在中年男性中的发病率达4%,中年女性中的发病率达2% [10],仍然有着较高的发病率。通过对OSAS患者进行心血管疾病的筛查,发现该人群有着较多的心血管疾病危险因素及较高的心血管疾病发病率 [1] [11]。目前有关SCF与OSAS的相关性研究较少,并且这些研究面向的是所有人群,而有研究显示合并心血管危险因素的OSAS中年人群的预后及生存率显著降低 [12],故有必要进一步明确中年人群中SCF与OSA的相关性。

本研究结果显示性别、吸烟史、血压、BMI、TG、LDL-C、UA为SCF的危险因素(见表1),这与既往的研究结果一致 [13] [14] [15] [16]。本研究对AHI与各危险因素进行了相关性分析后发现,AHI与UA、BMI、舒张压、平均TIMI帧数正相关(r分别为0.199、0.215、0.185、0.208,P < 0.05) (见表2)。在此基础上,我们将与SCF相关的多项因素进行Logistic回归分析,校正混杂因素后,发现AHI是SCF的独立危险因素(见表3),再将OSAS患者按AHI分为轻、中、重度三组,对每组人群发生SCF的风险进行分析,发现重度组发生SCF的风险显著高于其余两组(OR = 3.221, P < 0.01),患病率亦显著高于其余两组(P < 0.05) (见图1)。因此本研究对OSAS合并SCF患者的早期识别及干预具有一定的临床参考价值。

然而,有关OSAS致SCF的具体机制尚不完全明确。最近研究表明打鼾被认为是动脉粥样硬化的一个因素 [17],打鼾可通过振动颈动脉壁周围组织,引发炎症级联反应,导致动脉粥样硬化 [18]。动脉粥样硬化被认为是OSAS致SCF的重要机制之一 [19]。Ljunggren [20] 等通过高频超声测量颈总动脉壁的各个层面,发现OSAS患者的颈动脉内膜厚度增加,在调整混杂因素后,这种相关性仍然存在,表明OSAS与早期动脉粥样硬化独立相关;Vasheghani-Farahani [21] 等对冠状动脉危险因素的多元回归分析显示,OSAS是冠状动脉粥样硬化严重程度最显著的独立决定因素。大量研究指出OSAS可引起间歇性动脉血氧饱和度降低,使得全身炎症标记物的表达增加,交感神经系统被激活和引发内皮功能障碍 [22] [23],而内皮功能障碍、交感神经刺激和促炎性细胞因子调节在动脉粥样硬化事件中起重要作用 [24]。另外,在动物模型中,间歇性缺氧也被报道可诱发高脂血症 [25]。一项前瞻性队列研究中对OSA患者的颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)、动脉硬度指数、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)、动脉硬度指数进行观察,发现治疗后6个月与治疗前相比,这些参数显著性下降 [26]。OSAS致SCF的具体机制仍需进一步探讨。

5. 结论

综上所述,本研究表明OSAS患者AHI与SCF密切相关,AHI升高是SCF的独立危险因素。由于本研究为回顾性研究,且选择样本量较小,可能存在选择偏倚等因素,所得结果仍需大量前瞻性研究进一步证实。

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