慢乙肝肝脏炎症及纤维化新型血清学标志物研究进展
Research Progress of New Serological Markers of Chronic Hepatitis B Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2020.1011420, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 455  浏览: 756 
作者: 木 唤*:大理大学临床学院,云南 大理;耿嘉蔚*:云南省第一人民医院,云南 昆明
关键词: 慢性乙型病毒性肝炎肝脏炎症肝纤维化血清学标志物Chronic Viral Hepatitis B Liver Inflammation Liver Fibrosis Serological Markers
摘要: 慢性乙型病毒性肝炎是全世界关注的公共健康问题,对其早期炎症及肝纤维化程度的判断,对治疗时机的选择至关重要,本文拟就最新发表的新型血清学标志物进行综述总结,以期更好的指导临床应用。
Abstract: Chronic viral hepatitis B is a public health issue of worldwide concern. Judging the degree of early inflammation and liver fibrosis is very important to the choice of treatment timing. This article intends to review the latest applied serum markers. In summary, the clinical application is better known.
文章引用:木唤, 耿嘉蔚. 慢乙肝肝脏炎症及纤维化新型血清学标志物研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(11): 2756-2760. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.1011420

1. 引言

目前全球约有2.5亿乙肝病毒携带者,平均每年约88.7万人死与乙肝相关的肝硬化、肝癌等终末期肝病,抗病毒治疗是阻止病程进展的根本手段,而肝脏炎症及纤维进展程度是决定是否启动抗病毒治疗的关键 [1]。就现有的技术手段而言,肝脏穿刺病理活检是反映肝内炎症及纤维化程度的金标准,但为有创性操作,大大限制了其临床应用;肝脏瞬时弹性成像作为目前应用最广的肝纤维化无创诊断技术,其肝弹值的准确性受患者性别、年龄、皮下脂肪厚度、肋间隙宽度、是否合并腹水、操作者经验等因素影响,据相关文献报道:在中国受检者中,女性,年龄超过50岁,肥胖患者出现肝脏穿刺操作失败 [2] [3] [4] [5]。近年来,陆续有相关研究报道了一些反映早期肝脏炎症及纤维化的新型血清学标注物,其中对于ALT (alamine aminotransferase,谷丙转氨酶)正常的慢乙肝患者而言,其临床意义尤其重大。基于此,本文拟做一综述总结,以期更好的指导临床医师应用。

2. 新型血清标记物

2.1. 血清壳多糖酶3样蛋白1 (CHI3L1)

是一种含383个氨基酸,分子量为42.6KD的单体糖基化蛋白。1997年由Johansen等人首次提出可作为肝纤维化的标记物 [6]。其后多个研究中证实CHI3L1在炎症和组织重塑中均起作用,其具有高度肝脏表达特异性 [7]。其原理是壳酶蛋白通过抑制Fas表达和自分泌激活AKT信号,抑制肝巨噬细胞凋亡,导致肝巨噬细胞聚集和活化,促进肝纤维化 [8]。2015年黄海军团队以肝脏穿刺作为金标准对照,发现以73.4 ng/ml作为临界值,CHI3L1能够很好的区分肝纤维化(≤S2)和肝纤维化(≥S3),其ROC曲线分别为0.94和0.96,且其对于区分纤维化(>S2)及晚期纤维化(>S3)灵敏度为94.1%,特异性为87.7% [9]。2020年钱云松团队收集部分乙肝肝炎、肝硬化、肝癌患者,CHI3L1与非侵入性纤维化诊断方法(LSM,APRI指数)具有正相关性,CHI3L1 (AUC = 0.970,特异性 = 0.897,灵敏度 = 0.952,临界值 = 68.75)的诊断能力优于APRI指数,其特异性和敏感性作为诊断重大纤维化的可行标志 [10]。目前在临床上用于对乙肝、丙肝、脂肪肝、酒精肝等患者肝脏炎症及纤维化的评估。

2.2. 高尔基蛋白73 (GP73)

该蛋白主要是在胆管上皮细胞中表达,正常情况下肝细胞表达很少,而后期因促炎因子(IL-6)等的刺激使肝细胞中GP73表达升高,而胆管上皮细胞表达不变 [11]。2002年Raleigh团队发现其升高与慢性肝病进展有关,特别是肝癌患者GP73明显升高 [12] [13] [14]。2013年北京地坛医院洪山卫团队就GP73在HBV患者中诊断价值进行评价,发现将临界值设为76.6 ng/ml,GP73对重度纤维化诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为62.81%、80.05%。阳性及阴性预测值和准确度分别为74.73%,67.69%和72.01% [13]。2019年佑安医院王雷杰团队就非酒精性肝炎(NASH)患者的血清GP73进行研究,发现GP73是肝坏死性炎症存在的独立预测因子,且与肝细胞受损程度呈正相关 [15]。2019年解放军第910医院的美眷卫团队就ALT正常或轻度升高的慢性HBV感染患者GP73,确定85.7 ng/ml为有无明显肝炎(G2)的临界值,其AUC为0.806,明显高于ALT (0.616),敏感性和特异性分别为43.59%和97.18%。但其为单中心研究,仍需进一步验证 [16]。

2.3. 血清单核细胞趋化蛋白-1 (MCP-1)

MCP-1也称CCL2,是单核细胞驱化因子,主要来自受伤的肝脏,并与肝脏疾病的严重程度相关,外周血液中的MCP-1反映了肝脏巨噬细胞活化程度 [17]。2014年JosefEhling团队的动物实验已经证实用药物抑制MCP-1,可以减少巨噬细胞向肝脏浸润,从而改善动物模型的脂肪性肝炎 [18] [19]。可用于无创评估ALT正常或轻度升高的CHB患者的肝炎诊断,但目前临床上应用较少 [20]。

2.4. CK-18

研究发现细胞凋亡会活化半胱氨酸-天冬氨酸蛋白酶(caspases)即胱天蛋白酶,其可裂解CK-18,而CK-18是在肝细胞中发现的唯一角蛋白。2017年Magdalena团队对150名慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者CK-18与ALT、GGT、血小板计数相关,而且ALT升高组比ALT正常组CK-18高(P = 0.001) [21]。2017年Verhaar团队就163名慢乙肝患者根据其炎症严重程度及纤维化等级区分患者CK-18水平,发现有明显炎症及纤维化患者CK-18血清水平比无炎症和纤维化患者高(P < 0.05),其特异性为82%,敏感性为68%。Rosso等人的研究显示纤维化的AUROC值较低(0.61),敏感性为88%,特异性为38% [22]。CK-18不受ALT及胆红素的影响。而CK-18可由M30抗原及M65抗原酶联免疫吸附法测得,可作为细胞坏死标志物 [21]。血清M30抗原水平与肝脏炎症显著相关,2013年张范培团队对于339名肝活检CHB患者研究,发现HbeAg阴性肝炎患者血清M30抗原水平明显高于非活动HBV携带者,临床上可以结合血清M30及AST水平来检测慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏炎症,但该研究没有将慢性乙型病毒性肝炎与非酒精性脂肪性肝炎、其他病毒性肝炎作比较,故在以后研究中还要完善其特异性 [23]。

2.5. AAG算法

此方法是2018年由复旦大学李强教授团队做的提出的一种新型算法,主要针对慢性乙肝和ALT水平正常或轻度升高患者评估其肝脏组织学改变。AAG算法是由年龄、ALT、GGT (谷氨酰转肽酶)共同组成(表1)。AAG > 2其敏感度高可用于SHLC (SHLC是指重大肝组织学改变,即重度炎症或纤维化)筛查,AAG ≥ 6其特异性高可用于诊断SLHC。且该计算方法还需要完善前瞻性研究,对于ALT > 2ULN (正常值)的患者和其他肝病患者的适用性不详 [24]。因为以往研究发现在ALT持续正常患者中仍有20%~34%的慢乙肝患者肝脏炎症持续存在,李强团队基于研究表明血小板计数也可以作为肝炎的独立预测因子,2019年在AGG基础上以年龄、ALT、GGT和血小板计数(表2),其总分 ≥ 2可作为肝脏炎症的初步筛选,下一步靠肝脏穿刺明确诊断。如果该患者总分 ≥ 8分可以诊断肝脏炎症,不必再行肝脏穿刺活检。特别对于一些肝穿有禁忌症或严重肝病患者可提供临床治疗指导。对于一些医疗资源不足地区患者也可以提供病情指导,且价钱便宜,不足之处是该方法缺乏前瞻性研究验证,且对于ALT升高 > 2ULN、抗病毒治疗患者、其他肝病患者诊断指导意义不详 [25]。

Table 1. The AAG algorithm

表1. AAG算法

Table 2. The AAGP algorithm

表2. AAGP算法

3. 结论

目前各大指南对于慢性HBV感染患者判断其是否抗病毒治疗,除了ALT、HBV-DNA、乙肝两对半等传统指标外,越来越重视对患者肝脏炎症及肝纤维化程度的判断。但目前已有的非侵入性诊断指标受混杂因素影响较大,缺乏特异性。在今后临床工作中除了探索新型指标外,在上述血清学指标中是否可以联合几个指标共同探索出行之有效的肝脏炎症及纤维化诊断方法?或是新型血清学指标与原有传统影像学(肝脏CT、MRI、B超、肝弹)等联合分析是否可得到有效的公式及计算方法。这些仍需进一步研究。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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