结肠憩室出血的诊治进展
Progress in Diagnosis and Treatment of Colonic Diverticulum Bleeding
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2020.1011427, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 454  浏览: 902 
作者: 王 佳:大理大学临床医学院,云南 大理;宋正己:云南省第一人民医院消化内科,云南 昆明
关键词: 结肠憩室结肠憩室出血诊断治疗Colonic Diverticulum Colonic Diverticulum Bleeding Diagnosis Treatment
摘要: 结肠憩室出血被认为是中老年患者下消化道出血病因中的首要原因。随着人口老龄化,憩室出血将会是一种常见病,由于结肠憩室出血大多能自发停止,该病出血源的检出率并不令临床医生满意,因此结肠憩室出血的诊断和治疗越发显得重要。本文对该病的疾病特点及诊疗进展进行归纳总结,以供临床参考。
Abstract: Colonic diverticulum bleeding is considered to be the primary cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in middle-aged and elderly patients. With the aging of the population, colonic diverticulum bleeding will be a common disease. Since most colonic diverticulum bleeding can stop spontaneously, the detection rate of the bleeding source of this disease is not satisfactory to clinicians, so the diagnosis and treatment of colonic diverticulum bleeding will become more and more important. In this paper, the characteristics and progress of diagnosis and treatment of this disease are summarized for clinical reference.
文章引用:王佳, 宋正己. 结肠憩室出血的诊治进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(11): 2812-2818. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.1011427

1. 前言

结肠憩室分为真性与获得性(假性)两种。真性憩室是由于结肠壁先天性发育薄弱,憩室壁含有肠壁各层结构,十分罕见。获得性憩室又称假性憩室,属后天性,在临床上多见,形成原因是肠壁的一处或多处出现薄弱或缺损,肠腔内压力增高,结肠黏膜通过肠壁薄弱处疝出,向外呈囊状突出 [1]。关于获得性结肠憩室(以下简称结肠憩室)的病因至今尚未明确,但有较多研究证实,结肠憩室的发生与经济水平和饮食结构密切相关,这可能与膳食结构中纤维素成分摄入减少有关 [2]。另外,在结肠过敏性炎症、习惯性便秘、肠易激惹综合征、肠道慢性梗阻及炎症性肠病人群中有较高的发病率。结肠憩室多发生于40岁以上的中老年人,这可能与老年人肠壁中胶原弹性蛋白减少、网状组织的增多致使结肠壁弹性降低、顺应性下降、调节肠道压力能力下降有关 [3]。

2. 结肠憩室出血概述

结肠憩室出血通常表现为无痛、间歇性、反复下消化道出血,其原因和机制目前尚无统一定论。有研究认为是动脉硬化性憩室血管破裂的结果 [4]。关于结肠憩室出血的危险因素评估,有研究表明动脉高血压,高尿酸血症,超重,免疫抑制,长期服用钙通道阻滞剂、非甾体抗炎药、皮质类固醇和阿片类药物均可增加憩室出血的风险 [5] [6] [7]。对于临床上无明显诱因出现下消化道出血的中老年患者,应警惕结肠憩室出血。在西方国家,憩室病主要发生在左半结肠,而在亚洲,右半结肠憩室病更为常见,大出血风险相对较高,易导致血管受伤和出血反复,可能与右半侧结肠肠壁较薄有关 [8] [9]。

3. 结肠憩室出血的诊断

3.1. 结肠镜检查

明确的结肠憩室出血应为结肠镜下观察到的活动性出血、裸露血管或血块粘连的具有近期出血柱头的憩室 [10],即为出血源,由于结肠憩室出血大多可以自发止血,出血源的检出率并不理想。因此临床上结肠憩室出血的诊断主要是基于无痛性出血、通过肛门指诊排除痔疮、进行结肠镜或计算机断层扫描(Computed tomography, CT)检查排除如炎性肠病、阑尾炎、结肠癌、缺血性肠病、狭窄性肠梗阻等容易混淆的疾病 [11],其中结肠镜检查作为首选检查已成为共识。关于早期结肠镜检查的诊断率,Smoot等人比较了78例患者早期结肠镜检查的诊断率,他们得出的结果表明,结肠镜检查的时间与诊断率之间没有关联 [12]。而日本Mizuki等学者对110名患者进行的一项较大的回顾性研究显示,早期结肠镜检查(18小时内进行)可提高急性下消化道出血中判断急性憩室出血责任病灶的识别率 [13]。utilizationHamzeh Saraireh等人对符合条件的88,600名患者的研究表明,结肠镜检查的时机与急性憩室出血患者的死亡率并无明显关联,而早期结肠镜检查能降低患者的再出血率,急性憩室出血患者早期行结肠镜检查,并依次进行CT血管造影和血管栓塞等检查,具有较高的效费比 [14]。另外,美国胃肠内镜学会(American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, ASGE)目前的共识指南建议在入院后24小时内对严重急性下消化道出血的患者进行早期内镜评估,早期结肠镜检查可提高诊断率和治疗效果 [15]。对于临床上疑似结肠憩室出血的患者,是否应做急诊内镜这一问题,Takeshi Uehara等人开发了一种评分系统,以增强的CT图像上的造影剂外渗的可视化被指定为3分,抗凝剂使用被指定为2分,合并症指数 ≥ 6和血清C反应蛋白水平 ≥ 1 mg/dL为1分。该评分系统适用于疑似结肠憩室出血的患者,在总分 ≥ 3的患者中建议尽快进行急诊内镜检查,如果病情允许,建议在评分 < 3的患者中考虑选择性内镜检查 [16]。综合大多研究结果,早期行结肠镜检查对疑似结肠憩室出血患者总体上是有利的。然而,由于结肠镜检查的术前准备特殊性及有创性特点,急诊内镜检查并不适用于所有患者,对于经评估内镜检查后发生并发症的风险较高的患者(例如老年、一般情况差或心血管疾病的患者),应避免急诊内镜检查,选择择期或其他患者能耐受的检查手段。

3.2. CT检查

CT检查的独特优势已让临床医生越来越多地应用计算机断层血管造影(computed tomographic angiography, CTA)检测胃肠道出血,尤其是下消化道出血 [17] [18]。在对比增强计算机断层扫描(Contrast-en- hanced computed tomography, CECT)上描述造影剂外渗是结肠憩室出血的明确证据 [20]。任建壮、张孟凡等人研究CTA对下消化道出血的诊断和治疗计划的价值,他们得出结论,该检查安全有效,当CTA排除活动性出血时,暂时推迟血管造影和继续支持治疗似乎是安全的,对于大多数胃肠道出血程度较低的患者,建议采用CTA作为检测急性下消化道出血的一线检查 [19]。CT检查中表现出外渗或积液能为内镜医师提供有用的信息,这时行结肠镜检查可将出血憩室的检出率提高到50%至68.3%,而在没有可见渗出物的情况下,检出率则为20.2%至36.3%,因此对于临床上怀疑憩室出血时,强烈建议在结肠镜检查前行增强CT检查 [20]。最近日本Hitomi Takada等人对132例经结肠镜检查诊断为憩室出血的患者,评估应行急诊内镜检查的患者和不必要行急诊内镜检查的患者的特征,他们研究表明CECT检查结果对于判断结肠憩室出血患者的内镜检查时机很有用,在CECT检查中表现出外渗或积液的患者,应考虑进行紧急内镜检查,而在没有渗出和积液的患者中很可能实现自发止血,这些患者可选择选择性内窥镜检查 [21]。

3.3. 介入检查

对于经药物和内镜治疗仍持续出血的患者,介入放射学的作用至关重要。未经适当治疗,急性消化道出血可导致显著的发病率和死亡率。放射学可迅速有效地进行影像学诊断和血管内治疗并取得成功。计算机断层扫描血管造影和核闪烁显像可以定位出血的来源,以指导放射科医生进行导管内血管造影和经导管栓塞的治疗,由于导管技术的进步,该方法安全有效,且并发症最少 [22]。导管血管造影的优点之一是它既可以作为诊断工具,也可以作为治疗工具,且在无需任何肠道准备的情况下即可紧急进行 [23] [24]。它对急性胃肠道出血的诊断准确性是可信的,可快速有利地指导即时经导管栓塞治疗 [25]。但导管内血管造影是一种侵入性手术,在给予对比剂时血液动力学状态稳定、胃肠道出血速度较慢或无活动性出血的患者中常出现阴性结果 [26]。这使得介入检查在结肠憩室出血的临床应用中不是很普遍。

4. 结肠憩室的治疗

70%~80%的结肠憩室出血可自发停止 [27]。但结肠憩室出血是一种复发性疾病,在内科止血无效、反复出血或出现血流动力学不稳定的持续性出血或急性大量出血的情况下,就需要内镜、介入或外科手术干预了 [27]。

4.1. 内镜下治疗

侵入性较小的内镜下治疗是结肠憩室出血患者的首选。结肠镜检查的优点包括准确可视化和定位出血,通过干预措施阻止活动性出血、减少输血需求甚至避免手术 [28]。结肠憩室出血的内镜止血方法,包括内镜下夹闭术(Endoscopic clamping, EC)、内镜下束带术(Endoscopic band ligaion, EBL)、肾上腺素注射和接触性热疗 [29]。其中内窥镜夹闭一直被认为是最简单和最有效的治疗方法之一,然而很难达到完全止血,部分在内窥镜夹闭治疗后仍再次出血 [30]。日本学者Takeshi Setoyama在内镜下套扎(EBL)和止血钳夹(EC)治疗结肠憩室出血的疗效性和安全性的对照研究中发现,套扎组对所有病例都成功地实现了止血,且没有出现任何并发症,即便是大出血的病例EBL也能立即止血,并且在后期随访中EBL治疗组均未发生早期再出血(定义为首次治疗后30天内内镜观察到的再出血),而钳夹治疗组有部分右侧憩室复发出血(32例中有13例),因此应尝试将EBL作为初始治疗,尤其是对于右侧结肠憩室出血 [31]。在日本佐贺市的一项历史性多中心研究对68名接受了EC治疗、67名接受了EBL治疗的患者进行对照研究以评估用内窥镜带结扎(EBL)与内窥镜夹闭(EC)治疗的结肠憩室再出血率和及最初通过内窥镜止血治疗的憩室再出血的风险因素,研究结果表明:EBL组再出血率低于EC组可能归因于同一憩室再出血程度低,表明EBL优于EC,可防止最初成成功治疗的憩室再出血 [32]。但EBL并非在所有患者中都可以选择,有研究表明EBL后再出血的危险因素是左结肠憩室,年龄 < 50岁,活动性出血,高体重指数,以及使用非甾体抗炎药或抗血小板药物 [33] [34]。因此临床上应综合考虑以上因素,选择适当的内镜方法治疗,特别是当出血点位于近端(左半)结肠时,EBL可能不是首选。

4.2. 介入治疗

对于下消化道出血药物和内镜治疗都难以止血的患者,导管内血管造影术可作为手术干预有效且安全的替代方法,该方法通过减少血液流动到出血血管并因此降低灌注压和促进血块形成在出血部位从而达到止血的目的 [35] [36]。对于血管造影阳性的患者,介入栓塞在治疗上是有效的。经导管动脉栓塞术(transcatheter arterial embolization, TAE)可有效控制急性下消化道出血 [35]。一些研究已经表明,对于高风险患者TAE较外科手术更安全,并具有较低的死亡率 [37] [38]。在内镜和(或)手术方法不理想的情况下,TAE是可行的选择和临时措施。

4.3. 外科手术治疗

当持续性出血、持续的输血需求、输血超过6个单位的红细胞、持续的血液动力学不稳定并且不受结肠镜或血管造影手段控制时,迅速的手术切除应作为确定的治疗方法,而手术干预的最佳时间仍存在争议 [39] [40]。对于需要手术治疗的患者,应尽一切努力定位出血源,主要定位方式包括核闪烁扫描、血管造影和结肠镜检查。血管造影和结肠镜检查可以在诊断时提供治疗干预,而核闪烁扫描是纯粹的诊断 [40]。尝试识别不明确的出血源,以排除小肠病变并防止不必要的结肠切除术,如果未能显示小肠出血源,那么全腹部结肠切除术是首选的外科手术 [41]。结肠切除可以被限制为在该出血所在的段,对于持续出血并且没有血管造影或内窥镜确定明确出血来源的患者,可能需要进行次全结肠切除术 [42]。另外,在没有定位出血源的患者中,不鼓励进行节段性切除,因为复发性出血率和死亡率较高 [43]。对于复苏无反应的血流动力学不稳定的患者提示出现下消化道出血的外科急症,如术前定位成功,可以安全地进行节段性结肠切除术 [44]。

4.4. 钡剂治疗

治疗性钡灌肠,最初由Adams等人引入,钡止血的机制尚不清楚,可能为钡溶液的压力对出血血管的填塞及钡溶液的直接止血作用 [45],但钡剂灌肠止血通常很难对深结肠(右侧结肠)施加压力,因此可能无法产生实现止血所需的肠内压力,可通过改变身体位置,尽可能的使深结肠充满钡,但止血效果可能没有预期好 [46]。

虽然内镜下止血是一种有效的治疗方法,但如果大量出血和血栓存在时,出血的来源通常很难识别,在内镜检查无法确定出血来源的情况下,治疗性钡灌肠可作为替代治疗,尽管钡剂灌肠不被作为首选,但它可以相对安全且无创地进行,且无需确定特定出血部位,也就是说即使在出血源未知的情况下也可以给予治疗性钡灌肠,如果现代干预技术不能阻止憩室出血或涉及高风险患者,可以在侵入性结肠切除术前考虑,以避免不必要的手术 [47] [48] [49] [50]。Yuriko Murayama等人进行的回顾性病例系列研究,以评估治疗性钡灌肠治疗结肠憩室出血的有效性,虽然该项研究因为各种因素没有统计学证据,但他们认为诊断检查标准浓度的治疗性钡灌肠对于初始结肠憩室出血的止血和预防结肠憩室出血的复发可能是有效的,而且在有限的研究人群中没有出现显著的并发症风险 [50]。

综上,当临床上疑诊为结肠憩室出血时,应在稳定患者生命征和控制失血的情况下尽早行增强CT和结肠镜检查,以明确出血源并根据患者情况及所在医院条件选择内镜下治疗方法,防治大出血带来的不良后果。而在内镜难以干预和治疗并有持续活动性出血时,应尽快行介入或外科手术。钡剂灌肠可作为二线治疗。

5. 展望

目前各大指南对于临床上怀疑为结肠憩室出血的患者入院后行CECT和结肠镜检查的最佳时间以及内镜下发现明确憩室出血柱头时治疗手段的选择,尚无统一定论,仍需要大量的前瞻性研究来确定。

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