系统性硬化症血小板减少患者临床特点分析
Clinical Characteristics of Thrombocytopenia in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2020.1012468, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 402  浏览: 651 
作者: 徐俪姗, 刘朝阳, 臧 博, 杨怡飞:青岛大学附属医院风湿免疫科,山东 青岛
关键词: 系统性硬化症血小板减少肺动脉高压临床特征Systemic Sclerosis Thrombocytopenia Pulmonary Hypertension Clinical Features
摘要: 目的:探讨系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis, SSc)血小板减少患者临床特点,进一步提高对血液系统受累SSc认识。方法:分析2005年2月至2020年2月就诊于青岛大学附属医院初治274例SSc患者临床资料,据血小板是否减少分为血小板减少组和血小板正常组,比较两组患者一般情况、临床特点和实验室指标。结果:274例SSc患者,血小板减少者23例,其发病率为8.4%。血小板减少组患者发病年龄、补体C3、C4均低于血小板正常组,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05);血小板减少组患者血沉升高比例、肺动脉高压发生率高于未减少组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。血小板减少组患者抗SSA抗体、抗SSB抗体阳性率高于未减少组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论:血小板减少组SSc患者更易合并肺动脉高压,可能与血小板功能异常引起自身免疫功能紊乱并产生自身抗体引起血管损伤及血管重塑所致。对于初治SSc患者出现补体C3、C4低,血沉快及抗SSA抗体、抗SSB抗体阳性时应警惕血小板减少的发生。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) with thrombocytopenia, and to improve the understanding of the disease. Methods: Analysis of clinical data of 274 SSc patients in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from February 2005 to February 2020, and were divided into thrombocytopenia group and non-thrombocytopenia group according to clinical manifestations and imaging findings. Results: Of the 274 SSc patients, 23 were associated with thrombocytopenia, the incidence was 8.4%. The incidence proportion of increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and pulmonary hypertension in the thrombocytopenia group were higher than those in the normal group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The positive rates of anti-SSA antibody and anti-SSB antibody in the thrombocytopenia group were higher than those in the normal group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: SSc patients in the thrombocytopenia group are more likely to complicate with the pulmonary hypertension, as the qualitative platelet defects can produce the immune dysfunction and the autoantibodies causing the vascular injury and remodeling. Therefore, it’s vital to maintain great vigilance on the occurrence of thrombocytopenia when the primary SSc patients suffers the symptoms including low complement C3 and C4, rapid erythrocyte sedimentation rate and positive anti-SSA antibody and anti-SSB antibody.
文章引用:徐俪姗, 刘朝阳, 臧博, 杨怡飞. 系统性硬化症血小板减少患者临床特点分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(12): 3131-3136. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.1012468

1. 引言

系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis, SSc)是一种弥漫性结缔组织病,以微小血管病变、皮肤和内脏组织胶原纤维进行性硬化为主要特征 [1],皮肤纤维化是其特征表现,随病情进展,可累及全身多个系统 [2]。血小板减少是严重血液系统受累表现。近年来研究发现,伴有血小板减少症的结缔组织病患者预后不良,其发病机制尚未阐明,可能与血小板过度活化引起消耗增多、破坏加剧所致 [3] [4]。目前关于SSc合并血小板减少患者的临床特点研究少见。本文通过分析SSc合并血小板减少症患者的临床特点,旨在提高临床医师对SSc合并血小板减少症的认识。

2. 对象与方法

1) 研究对象:选取2005年2月至2020年2月就诊于青岛大学附属医院资料完整的274例初治SSc患者(未使用过激素或免疫抑制剂治疗),并通过了青岛大学附属医院伦理审查。

2) 纳排标准及相关定义:SSc患者诊断均符合2013年美国风湿病学会(ACR)/欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)推荐的SSc分类标准 [5]。根据SSc相关血小板减少症发生情况将所有患者分为血小板减少组和血小板正常组。SSc相关血小板减少症定义为:患者血小板计数 < 100 × 109/L,并排除合并感染、原发性血液系统疾病、药物性血小板减少症。SSc类型分为弥漫型和局限型,其中弥漫型指除面部、肢体远端外,皮肤增厚还累及肢体近端及躯干;局限型指皮肤增厚限于肘(膝)远端,可累及面颈部 [5]。肺动脉高压(Pulmonary arterial hypertension, PAH)定义为:静息状态下,患者经右心导管造影测得平均肺动脉压 ≥ 25 mmHg,肺毛细血管楔压 ≤ 15 mmHg或经超声心动图检测三尖瓣反流的最大流速估测肺动脉压 ≥ 35 mmHg [6]。肺间质病变诊断参照2002年美国胸科学会和欧洲呼吸学会特发间质性肺炎分类共识 [7]。

3) 方法:根据有无血小板减少将274例初诊SSc患者分为血小板减少组和血小板正常组。收集患者的性别、年龄、病程、临床特点、生化免疫及影像学指标。比较两组患者一般情况、临床特点及实验室检查,患者入院时均行超声心动图、腹部超声。

4) 统计学处理:数据分析采用SPSS 25.0软件。正态分布计量数据用 x ¯ ± s 表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;非正态分布的计量数据以中位数(第25位百分位数,第75位百分位数) [M (P25, P75)]表示,计数资料比较采用c2检验;以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

1) 一般资料:共纳入274例SSc患者,男性28例(10.3%),女性246例(89.8%),男女比例为1:8.8。平均(54.41 ± 13.51)岁;血小板减少组23例,发病率为8.4%,男性2例,女性21例,男女比例为1:10.5;年龄21~69岁,平均(47.91 ± 14.05)岁;血小板正常者251例,男性26例,女性225例,年龄17~93岁,平均(54.66 ± 13.24)岁。血小板减少组较血小板正常组患者发病年龄小,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),两组患者病程、性别构成差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表1

Table 1. Basic clinical characteristics of the two groups of patients

表1. 两组患者一般特征比较

2) 临床特征:23例消化系统受累SSc患者,弥漫型13例(56.5%)、局限型10例(43.5%),差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。43.5%的SSc患者以雷诺现象为首发症状,其次为皮肤硬化(8/23, 34.8%),关节痛/关节炎(5/23, 21.7%)。两组患者雷诺现象、关节痛/关节炎、指尖溃疡、肌无力及口眼干等表现差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表2

3) 脏器受累:274例SSc患者肺间质病变者100例,血小板减少组9例(39.1%),未受累组91例(36.3%)。PAH者73例,血小板减少组12例(52.2%),未受累组61例(24.3%)。两组患者肺间质病变、肾脏受累等发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);血小板减少组患者PAH发生率高于未减少组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05,见表2)。

4) 实验室检查:血小板减少组患者白细胞计数、补体C3、C4低于非血小板减正常组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05,见表3)。自身抗体方面,血小板减少组患者抗SSA抗体、抗SSB抗体阳性率明显高于血小板正常组患者,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05,见表3)。

4. 讨论

系统性硬化症(SSc)是一种自身免疫性疾病,其特征在于血管异常,免疫失调以及皮肤和内部器官的

Table 2. Comparison of clinical features between the two groups

表2. 两组患者临床资料比较

Table 3. Analysis of laboratory examination results of two groups of patients

表3. 两组患者实验室检查比较

纤维化。中老年女性多见,尤其是围绝经期及绝经期妇女。可出现肺间质纤维化、肺动脉高压、硬皮病肾危象等严重并发症 [8]。血小板除了在止血,血栓形成和组织修复中起着重要的作用,在炎症以及先天性和适应性免疫中也起着重要的作用 [9] [10],血小板内具有分化的巨核细胞簇,各种表面受体、糖蛋白以及光滑的内质网管状系统。这些特性,使其成为免疫细胞的理想候选者。目前,作为先天性和适应性免疫的主动调节剂,血小板越来越受关注,研究表明活化的血小板在SSc发生、发展过程中扮演重要角色,可能是引起SSc皮肤及脏器纤维化原因之一 [11] [12]。活化的血小板会导致血小板消耗增多、破坏加速,表现为外周血小板减少。既往研究表明,伴有血小板减少的自身免疫性疾病患者预后不佳 [13]。随着对SSc研究的深入,血液系统受累引起人们关注,目前关于SSc合并血小板减少患者临床特点报道较少。为此,本研究探讨系统性硬化症患者血小板减少的特点。

文献报道SSc合并血小板计数减少的发生率为9.7%,本研究为8.4%,与既往研究相符。本研究结果显示,血小板减少组SSc患者患病年龄低于血小板正常组,且差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。这与岳露瑶等人的研究结果一致 [14]。SSc合并血小板减少的发病机制尚未阐明,目前认为自身免疫性疾病血小板减少可能与抗血小板抗体介导的血小板清除率增加有关 [15]。此外,SSc患者体内产生的大量异常自身抗体可能也是主要致病机制 [16]。本研究显示,血小板减少组患者抗SSA、抗SSB抗体阳性率明显高于血小板正常组。提示抗SSA抗体、抗SSB抗体可能参与SSc患者血液系统受累,推测其原因可能与细胞释放细胞因子,引起B细胞活化增殖,产生抗SSA、抗SSB抗体,该类抗体吸附于血小板表面后破坏血小板膜的结构和完整性,临床表现为外周血血小板减少。此外本研究还发现,血小板减少组患者补体C3、C4水平明显低于血小板正常组,提示SSc相关血小板减少组患者补体系统激活。补体系统在先天免疫和宿主防御中起主要作用,其失调反应了过度炎症和组织损伤。血小板不仅含有补体因子并带有补体受体,能够与其他补体蛋白相互作用,参与经典、替代及凝集素这三种补体途径的激活 [17]。研究表明血小板在参与各种血液损伤反应时需通过启动补体激活的经典途径 [18],而补体激活会导致补体因子消耗,使血清补体水平显著降低。

PAH是SSc的严重并发症,预后极差,给患者家庭及社会带来沉重经济负担。目前诊断PAH的金标准是右心导管造影 [19],由于复杂有创,临床多采用心脏超声估测肺动脉压力。目前对SSc并发的PAH的患者无特效治疗方案。本研究发现,血小板减少组患者PAH发生率明显高于血小板正常组。既往研究表明,合并PAH的SSc患者因血管内皮受损导致微循环障碍不仅可引起细胞及周围组织缺血、缺氧,还可导致血小板功能的异常,引起血小板聚集并黏附在受损的血管内皮表面,导致血小板破坏减少 [20]。此外,功能异常的血小板会释放出各种细胞因子,引起自身免疫功能的紊乱失衡而产生自身抗体,自身抗体介导产生的某些细胞因子可加剧血小板的减少,同时自身免疫功能紊乱会加剧血小板活化并引起血管内皮损伤及导致血管纤维化,导致PAH的发生。但本研究为回顾性研究,尽管已尽最大努力收集数据,但仍存在一些差距。其次,选择偏倚可能存在,因为所有患者都来自一个中心,样本量可能不足以识别各组之间的潜在差异。因此有仍有待多中心、大样本量研究来进一步证实。

综上所述,本研究通过对23例合并血小板减少SSc患者临床特点分析表明,血小板减少SSc患者更易合并PAH,提醒医师对于血小板减少的SSc患者需完善检查,警惕PAH的发生。

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