三阴性乳腺癌患者化疗后血糖血脂代谢状况及其影响因素的分析
The Metabolism of Blood Glucose and Lipid and Its Influence Factors Analysis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients after Chemotherapy
DOI: 10.12677/ACM.2020.1012470, PDF, HTML, XML, 下载: 304  浏览: 500 
作者: 臧龙龙:青岛大学医学部,山东 青岛;青岛大学附属医院肿瘤科,山东 青岛;程敬敬, 姜 韬, 张红军*:青岛大学附属医院肿瘤科,山东 青岛
关键词: 三阴性乳腺癌化疗血糖血脂Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Chemotherapy Blood Glucose Blood Lipid
摘要: 目的:探究三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)患者首次接受标准方案化疗前和化疗后血糖血脂代谢状况的差异,并分析其影响因素。方法:回顾性收集2013年1月~2020年1月年期间就诊于青岛大学附属医院并首次接受化疗治疗的TNBC患者。通过检测患者化疗前、后血糖血脂水平,分析血糖血脂代谢状况的变化及其影响因素。结果:251例TNBC患者,化疗前、化疗后中位血糖水平分别为:5.13 mmol/L、5.59 mmol/L;化疗前、化疗后中位总胆固醇(TC)水平分别为:5.17 mmol/L、5.64 mmol/L;化疗前、化疗后中位低密度脂蛋白(LDL)水平分别为:3.00 mmol/L、3.34 mmol/L;差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。是否绝经与化疗后血糖、TC和LDL代谢相关。不同化疗方式、化疗方案以及化疗周期长短与化疗后患者的血糖血脂水平相关(P < 0.05)。结论:TNBC患者首次接受标准方案化疗后可出现血糖、血脂代谢紊乱,需要关注TNBC患者化疗后增加的罹患心血管疾病潜在的风险。
Abstract: Objective: To analyze the difference of blood glucose and lipid metabolism in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients after chemotherapy with standard regimens for the first time, and to analyze its influencing factors to provide evidence for monitoring cardiovascular risk factors in TNBC patients after chemotherapy. Methods: From January 2013 to January 2020, TNBC patients who were admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and received chemotherapy for the first time were collected. By monitoring the blood glucose and lipid levels before and after chemotherapy, the changes of blood glucose and lipid metabolism and its influencing factors are analyzed. Results: 251 TNBC patients were enrolled. The median blood glucose levels before chemotherapy were 5.13 mmol/L, lower than 5.59 mmol/L after chemotherapy (P < 0.05). The median total cholesterol (TC) levels before chemotherapy were 5.17 mmol/L, lower than 5.64 mmol/L after chemotherapy (P < 0.05). The median low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels before chemotherapy were 3.00 mmol/L, lower than 3.34 mmol/L after chemotherapy (P < 0.05). The menopausal status of patients is related to blood glucose, TC and LDL metabolism. Different chemotherapy methods, chemotherapy regimens and the length of the chemotherapy cycle are related to the blood glucose and blood lipid levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion: TNBC patients may have blood glucose and lipid metabolism disorders after receiving standard chemotherapy for the first time. It is necessary to pay attention to the increased potential risk of cardiovascular disease in TNBC patients after chemotherapy.
文章引用:臧龙龙, 程敬敬, 姜韬, 张红军. 三阴性乳腺癌患者化疗后血糖血脂代谢状况及其影响因素的分析[J]. 临床医学进展, 2020, 10(12): 3142-3150. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2020.1012470

1. 引言

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)作为乳腺癌一种特殊的临床亚型,指雌激素受体、孕激素受体和人表皮生长因子受体2 (Her-2)均不表达的乳腺癌,约占所有乳腺癌的15% [1],细胞分化差,具有高度的侵袭性,易复发和转移 [1] [2] [3]。目前针对TNBC的治疗方法单一,患者对以抗Her-2为主的靶向治疗以及内分泌治疗不敏感,多药联合化疗是常用的治疗方案,化疗对改善TNBC患者的生存具有重要作用 [4] [5]。以乳腺癌为代表的多种女性好发恶性肿瘤,与心血管系统疾病有许多共同的病因和危险因素,例如高血糖、高血脂和肥胖等 [6] [7],随着检查和治疗手段的进步,乳腺癌患者的生存期得到不断延长,接受手术及化疗后获得长期生存的乳腺癌患者面临的心血管系统疾病风险也在不断增加。有研究显示化疗对乳腺癌患者的血糖血脂代谢产生一定的影响,但报道的结果存在差异 [8] [9] [10]。TNBC因其治疗手段的局限性,多药联合化疗是主要治疗方案,目前化疗对TNBC患者血糖血脂代谢状况的影响尚不明确,化疗可能通过直接损伤心肌细胞以及改变患者血糖血脂代谢的方式,导致心血管系统患病风险的增加,接受化疗的患者可能会出现继发于化疗的潜在心血管系统效应。因此,探究TNBC患者首次接受标准疗程化疗前、后血糖血脂指标水平的变化,分析影响血糖、血脂变化的因素,有可能为监测并降低TNBC患者化疗后罹患心血管系统疾病的风险提供依据。

2. 资料与方法

1) 回顾性的选取2013年1月~2020年1月期间于青岛大学附属医院就诊并经病理学及免疫组化确诊的三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)患者251例,年龄范围24~75岁,平均年龄为54岁。纳入标准:1. 均为女性,2. 患者均为首次接受抗肿瘤治疗,且按标准治疗完成化疗。排除标准:排除严重心、肝、肾等系统性疾病及合并其他恶性肿瘤的患者。研究已获得青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准。患者临床病理学特征见表1

2) 根据患者一般情况及临床特点,合理选择手术治疗后行辅助化疗、新辅助化疗后行手术治疗或行姑息性化疗。化疗方案选择、剂量及用法参考《中国抗癌协会乳腺癌诊治指南与规范》,治疗方案包括:AT (蒽环类联合紫杉类)、FEC-T (氟尿嘧啶 + 蒽环类 + 环磷酰胺序贯紫杉类)、AC-T (蒽环类 + 环磷酰胺序贯紫杉类)、TC (紫杉类联合环磷酰胺)、TAC (紫杉类 + 蒽环类 + 环磷酰胺)、其他方案。病理组织学分类按照WHO组织学分类,根据AJCC乳腺癌分期标准(第7版)进行临床分期,术后患者按照组织学病理结果进行TNM分期 [11] [12]。

3) 采集患者化疗前和标准疗程化疗后的血液学标本,进行血糖、血脂水平的检测。检测参考标准:血糖:3.90~6.16 mmol/L;总胆固醇(TC):2.32~5.62 mmol/L;甘油三酯(TG):0.30~1.92 mmol/L;低密度脂蛋白(LDL):1.90~3.12 mmol/L;高密度脂蛋白(HDL):0.80~2.35 mmol/L [13] [14]。

4) 统计学方法:采用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计学分析,χ2检验用于比较组间差异,非参数秩和检验计量资料,P < 0.05认为具有统计学差异。

Table 1. Clinicopathological characteristics of 251 patients

表1. 251例患者临床病理学特征

3. 结果

1) TNBC患者化疗前、后血液学检验指标水平的比较(表2):患者化疗前、化疗后中位血糖水平分别为:5.13 mmol/L、5.59 mmol/L;化疗前、后中位TC水平分别为:5.17 mmol/L、5.64 mmol/L;化疗前、后中位LDL水平分别为:3.00 mmol/L、3.34 mmol/L;差异均具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。化疗后TG和HDL水平与化疗前相比,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。

Table 2. The difference in blood glucose and lipid levels of 51 triple-negative breast cancer patients before and after chemotherapy

表2. 251例三阴性乳腺癌患者化疗前、后血糖血脂水平的差异

2) TNBC患者临床病理学特征与化疗前、后血液学检测指标的关系:化疗前(表3),已绝经和未绝经患者的中位血糖、TC、TG、LDL和HDL水平差异均具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。体质指数 < 18.5 kg/m2、18.5~23.9 kg/m2、≥24 kg/m2患者的中位血糖和中位TG水平差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。组织学类型与患者的中位TC和LDL水平差异相关(P < 0.05),与血糖、TG和HDL代谢无关(P > 0.05),临床分期与患者的各项检验指标水平差异均无关(P > 0.05)。

化疗后(表4),已绝经和未绝经患者的中位血糖、TC和LDL水平差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。体质指数 < 18.5 kg/m2、18.5~23.9 kg/m2、≥24 kg/m2患者的血糖、TC和HDL水平差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。组织学类型与患者的中位TC水平差异相关(P < 0.05),与血糖、TG、LDL和HDL代谢无关(P > 0.05),临床分期与患者的各项检验指标水平差异均无关(P > 0.05)。

Table 3. The relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and median blood glucose and lipid levels before chemotherapy

表3. 化疗前临床病理学特征与中位血糖血脂水平的关系

Table 4. The relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and median blood glucose and blood lipid levels after chemotherapy

表4. 化疗后临床病理学特征与中位血糖血脂水平的关系

3) 化疗方式及化疗周期数对TNBC患者化疗前、后血液学检测指标的影响(表5):接受辅助化疗的TNBC患者化疗前、后患者血糖、TC和LDL水平差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。接受新辅助化疗及姑息化疗的患者化疗前、后各项指标水平无差异(P < 0.05)。化疗周期 ≤ 4周期的患者,除TG水平在化疗前、后存在差异外(P < 0.05),其余各项指标无差异。未观察到化疗周期数为4~8周期的患者化疗前、后各项检验指标存在差异。化疗周期数 ≥ 8周期的患者,化疗前、后血糖、TC和LDL水平存在差异(P < 0.05)。

Table 5. The relationship between chemotherapy methods and cycles and the blood glucose and blood lipid levels of patients before and after chemotherapy

表5. 化疗方式及周期数与患者化疗前、后血糖血脂水平的关系

4) 化疗方案对TNBC患者化疗前、后血液学检测指标的影响(表6):接受FEC-T方案化疗的TNBC患者化疗前、后的中位血糖水平差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),其余各项指标差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。接受AC-T方案化疗的TNBC患者,化疗前、后的中位血糖、TC和LDL水平差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。接受AT、TC、TAC和其他方案化疗的的患者化疗前、后各项检验指标水平差异均无统计学意义(P < 0.05)。

Table 6. The relationship between chemotherapy regimens and patients’ median blood glucose and lipid levels before and after chemotherapy

表6. 化疗方案与患者化疗前、后中位血糖血脂水平的关系

4. 讨论

目前在世界范围内,女性乳腺癌被认为是仅次于肺癌的第二大癌症死亡原因 [15],而心血管系统疾病的发病率和死亡率高居榜首,乳腺癌和心血管疾病一起严重威胁女性的生命健康安全 [16] [17]。血糖、高胆固醇和高LDL水平作为独立的危险因素,能显著增加心血管系统疾病患病风险 [18] [19] [20] [21],既往有研究报道,乳腺癌患者在接受化疗后,罹患心血管系统疾病的风险也明显升高 [22] [23] [24]。与以往研究相符,本研究结果显示TNBC患者化疗后,患者的血糖、血脂代谢水平均明显升高,提示化疗对TNBC患者的血糖血脂代谢产生了一定的影响。但也有研究指出,化疗引起的血糖、血脂代谢紊乱是暂时性的,化疗停止一段时间后,患者的血糖、血脂水平基本恢复到了基线水平 [25]。与LDL对心血管系统的影响不同,HDL作为心血管系统重要的保护因素而存在 [26],目前化疗对HDL代谢水平的影响尚无定论。在本研究中,未观察到化疗前、后HDL代谢水平存在差异。因本次入选患者绝大多数为接受蒽环类为基础的联合化疗方案,因此不同于直接损伤心肌细胞的机制,化疗药物能否通过影响TNBC患者的血糖、血脂代谢,进而增加罹患心血管系统疾病的风险,目前仍不明确。

不同的化疗方式和化疗方案,对患者的血糖、血脂代谢水平产生的影响不尽相同。经辅助化疗方式治疗的TNBC患者,化疗后血糖、血脂中位代谢水平较化疗前明显升高,而新辅助化疗组中未观察到代谢水平差异。接受AT、TC、TAC和其他化疗方案化疗的患者,化疗前、后各项代谢指标未观察到差异。而接受AC-T方案治疗的患者,化疗前、后血糖、血脂和LDL-C代谢水平均明显升高。同时,本研究的还发现,长周期化疗的患者化疗前、后血糖血脂水平出现差异,而短周期化疗的患者未显示出这种差异。接受长化疗周期数化疗的患者,发生血糖血脂代谢紊乱的可能性也在增加。这提示我们,根据患者的临床特点,合理选择化疗方式和化疗方案,对降低患者发生血糖血脂代谢紊乱的可能性,可能会有一定帮助,但这显然需要更多临床数据支持。

近年来,以免疫检查点抑制剂为代表的免疫治疗在晚期乳腺癌治疗的临床研究中取得了良好的疗效 [27] [28] [29]。免疫治疗关键问题是选择合适的人群和治疗方式,TNBC具有独特的分子病理特征,很可能是免疫治疗潜在的获益人群 [3]。目前,许多临床试验正在进行,以探索联合应用化疗药物和免疫检查点抑制剂治疗TBNC的可行性,但联合用药对心血管系统的潜在风险,尤其是蒽环类药物和免疫检查点抑制剂的严重心脏毒性,值得我们警惕 [30]。因此,探究抗肿瘤药物对心血管系统的影响,深入了解抗肿瘤药物与心血管系统疾病之间的关系,并探究其中的机制,对加深抗肿瘤治疗与心血管防治领域的联系,意义重大。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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