畸形舌侧沟综合治疗的疗效观察及研究进展
Clinical Observation and Research Progress of Comprehensive Treatment of Palatogingival Groove
摘要: 畸形舌侧沟(Palatogingival Groove, PGG)是常见的牙齿发育畸形,多发于上颌侧切牙。PGG能破坏龈沟底封闭的完整性,引起牙周组织破坏,至晚期常伴发严重的牙周牙髓联合病变,使得临床治疗难度增加。目前对复杂PGG的治疗以多学科综合治疗为主,但具体诊疗方案各异且缺乏长期跟踪随访。本文基于现有的病例报道,对PGG治疗的研究进展进行总结,重点关注体内或体外联合治疗的疗效分析,探讨可能出现的术后并发症,为临床诊疗方案设计提供参考。
Abstract: Palatogingival Groove (PGG) is a common tooth developmental deformity, which occurs mostly in maxillary lateral incisors. PGG can destroy the integrity of the gingival sulcus floor closure, causing periodontal tissue damage, and often accompanied by severe periodontal and pulpal lesions in the late stage, which makes the clinical treatment more difficult. At present, the treatment of complex PGG advocates multidisciplinary combined treatment, but the specific therapy is different, and now lacking of long-term follow-up. Based on the existing clinical case reports, this article summarizes the research progress of PGG treatment, focuses on the therapeutic effects of combined treatment in vivo or in vitro, and analyzes the possible postoperative complications, in order to provide references for the design of clinical treatment plans.
文章引用:胡华姣, 柯婷, 陈莉丽. 畸形舌侧沟综合治疗的疗效观察及研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(3): 846-855. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.113120

1. 引言

畸形舌侧沟(palatogingival groove, PGG)又称为发育性根异常、腭侧沟或根面沟,流行病学调查研究显示,其发生率约为2.8%~18% [1] [2] [3],由Lee等 [4] 在1968年正式命名。目前认为,PGG是一种牙根发育的解剖异常,是由内釉上皮和Hertwig上皮根鞘的折叠导致的 [5],常发生于上颌切牙的舌面,尤以上颌侧切牙最为多见 [6]。PGG通常起始于舌侧窝或舌隆突,并向根方延伸至不同距离与深度,导致该凹陷区域的结合上皮难以严密附着,造成菌斑的滞留与定植,并随着沟槽向根方延伸。这些因素使患牙难以自洁,引起局部区域的牙周组织破坏、形成窄而深的局限性牙周袋 [4]。同时由于裂沟部分牙体组织薄弱,袋内细菌可通过根尖孔、根管侧支或牙本质小管等途径感染牙髓从而引起牙髓病变 [7],最终发展为牙周–牙髓联合病变 [8]。患者多因上前牙出现不明原因的瘘管或者咬合不适、牙齿伸长等症状就诊。因其病损的隐蔽性,多数患牙在就诊时已出现严重的根尖周或牙槽骨吸收,临床预后较差,严重者需拔除,故为临床多学科的综合治疗带来挑战。

2. PGG分类

学者们依据PGG位置 [9]、内陷深度 [10]、延伸长度等不同因素提出多种分类方法,迄今无法统一。Gu等 [11] 根据畸形沟的延伸长度、深度以及对应根管系统的复杂程度,通过运用微计算机断层扫描(micro-CT)将PGG分为3类:I型:畸形沟延伸不超过牙根面的颈1/3;II型:畸形沟延伸超过牙根面的颈1/3,但沟裂较浅,根管基本正常;III型:畸形沟延伸超过牙根面的颈1/3,且沟裂较深,对应相对复杂的根管系统。临床上常依据此分类方法制定治疗策略。

3. PGG综合治疗

现有的PGG治疗研究以病例报告为主,综合治疗方案各异,且多为对症治疗,尚无统一治疗标准。据文献统计,PGG的预后取决于凹槽的位置和深度长度、病损的可接近性、牙周组织的破坏程度以及感染的控制情况等因素 [12] [13]。多数学者认为,PGG的延伸长度越大、凹槽越深、根管系统越复杂,治疗越困难,预后则越差 [14]。综上所述,PGG的治疗原则是彻底清除感染组织,阻止细菌的再植。通过去除或封闭根面沟,消除菌斑滞留的微环境,获得根尖周与牙周组织的愈合,最终保存患牙 [3] [12]。近年来随着牙髓及牙周治疗技术的进步,部分预后不良甚至原本需要拔除的II型及III型PGG患牙,经跨学科联合治疗后得以成功留存。

PGG的综合治疗包括牙周基础治疗、根管治疗(root canal treatment, RCT)、畸形沟修整术 [15]、牙周翻瓣手术 [10]、根尖手术 [16]、引导组织再生术 [17] (guided tissue regeneration, GTR)、意向性牙再植术 [18] 及正畸治疗等 [19]。临床上常根据患牙的牙髓状态与牙周组织破坏程度选择相应的治疗术式及顺序。本文对目前收集到的病例报告研究进行了归纳总结,PGG的联合治疗方案主要分为体内联合治疗与体外联合治疗(见表1)。

Table 1. PGG multidisciplinary combined treatment plan and surgical options

表1. PGG多学科联合治疗的方案及术式选择

3.1. PGG体内联合治疗的疗效观察

通过对1985年至2020年的病例报告进行汇总分析,多数报道采用体内联合治疗。结果显示,在牙周基础治疗及根管治疗控制感染后,通过翻瓣手术方式对畸形沟进行修整,并联合采用根尖手术、牙周组织再生术等手术方法治疗,对II型及III型PGG患牙的保存效果较佳,留存率约87.5% (见表2)。Sharma等 [20] 对一例同时具有唇侧骨开裂的PGG患牙,在完成根管再治疗后,采用玻璃离子封闭畸形沟,并进行引导组织再生术及植骨术治疗。6个月后复诊,患牙的探诊深度及松动度均恢复正常。同时X线片显示根尖周低密度影消失,骨愈合良好。Gandhi等 [21] 则通过副根切除及玻璃离子封闭PGG、引导组织再生术对患牙进行治疗。术后3月复诊,可见瘘道闭合,X线片示骨缺损区密度增加。1年后复查,发现根尖周新骨进一步形成,骨缺损愈合,但却出现了明显的牙龈退缩。其他病例追踪也发现,体内联合治疗术后存在牙龈退缩、牙体变色等问题。Miao等 [22] 在完善根管治疗与牙周基础治疗后,通过牙周翻瓣切除副根,并行牙周组织再生术试保留PGG患牙。术后3个月复查,发现患牙探诊深度降至3mm,但近中龈乳头退缩,出现明显的“黑三角”现象。因此采用龈乳头重建术,形成由冠到根的良好过渡,诱导牙龈乳头的再生,极大改善了美观问题。此外,术后3年复诊时,X线片示牙槽骨密度恢复正常,同时却存在显著的牙体变色情况。故医师建议患者进行牙冠修复,但患者拒绝。与此类似,Kerezoudis等 [23] 学者报道,使用龈下刮治和根面平整术、修整PGG、根尖切除术、釉质基质蛋白Emdogain和引导组织再生术的联合疗法治疗患牙。2年后追踪复查,影像学检查提示根尖周骨再生,骨缺损愈合,但唇侧牙龈退缩达3 mm,需要进一步行牙周软组织增量。

除此之外,随着牙周再生技术与材料的不断进步,学者们也在尝试应用釉质基质蛋白Emdogain、富血小板纤维蛋白(platelet rich fibrin, PRF)、浓缩生长因子(concentrate growth factors, CGF)等来提升联合治疗的效果及稳定性。Karunakaran等 [17] 学者报道,使用Biodentine封闭修整后的PGG,并联合PRF、牙周组织再生术以及植骨术治疗PGG患牙。术后6个月复查,探诊深度减少至3 mm,同时术后1年的X线片提示有新骨形成。

3.2. PGG体外联合治疗的疗效观察

回顾发现,近5年来运用意向性牙再植术治疗复杂PGG的方法逐渐得到重视。由于解剖的局限性、

Table 2. Summary of clinical indicators after PGG combined therapy in vivo

表2. PGG体内联合治疗术后随访的临床指标汇总

注:GTR为牙周组织再生术;GBR为引导性骨组织再生术;PRF为富血小板纤维蛋白;PD为牙周探诊深度;“-”表示无数据。

不可操作性或者牙外伤脱出等原因,此时意向性牙再植术被认为是保留预后无望患牙的最后治疗方式 [44]。该方法主要是采用微创方式完整拔出患牙,在体外的直视环境下修整畸形沟的根面凹陷部分,清除滞留菌斑并使用生物材料进行封闭充填,对于复杂根管可进行根尖3 mm的切除与倒充填,随后再将患牙重新植入原牙槽窝中,同时实施短期的牙周固定 [45]。意向性牙再植术的预后有3种,即为牙周膜愈合、骨性愈合及纤维愈合,其中牙周膜愈合是学者们所追求的最佳愈合方式 [46]。多数病例报告的结果支持意向性牙再植术的可行性与长期稳定性(见表3)。Tan等 [47] 采用显微根管治疗技术、意向性牙再植术、iRoot BP封闭PGG以及根尖切除术的联合方法治疗8例I-III型患牙。术后1年随访,牙周探诊深度均不超过3 mm。影像学检查示根尖区新骨形成、且密度与周围骨组织相近。Al-Hezaimi等 [48] 学者则联合根管治疗、意向性牙再植术以及Emdogain治疗II型PGG患牙。术后3个月,观察到唇侧瘘道愈合。术后1年复诊,发现患牙的探诊深度低于3 mm,且X线片显示根尖周阴影面积减少,直至术后4年根尖周低密度影完全消失。

最新的一项Meta研究显示,意向性牙再植的患牙平均生存率为88% (95%置信区间为81%~94%) [49]。影响意向性牙再植术成功率的因素有患者年龄、牙根发育程度、体外操作时间、体外保存剂、残存牙周膜细胞数量及分化活性、再植技术及固定方法等 [3] [50] [51]。研究表明,意向性牙再植术成功的最重要因素是体外的操作时间和残余牙周膜的分化活性 [52]。为了提高意向性牙再植术的成功率,需将体外操作时间控制在15 min内,并使用0.9%氯化钠溶液或Hanks平衡液保持根面的湿润状态,可有效预防再植后出现根外吸收等并发症,同时拥有与根尖外科手术相近的远期保留率(93%)和愈合率(77%) [50]。而随着牙周韧带的破坏越大,牙根外吸收、炎症性吸收及粘连发生的可能性越大,这些均不利于牙再植的成功和远期预后 [53] [54]。因此对牙周组织缺损较多的患牙,由于其健康的牙周膜余留较少,远期预后不良,不建议进行意向性牙再植术 [46] [55]。此外,Han等 [56] 对2例进行意向性牙再植术后的病例进行了3年的随访,发现尽管牙周及根尖周组织的缺损得到了很好的修复,却出现了明显的牙根外吸收的情况,最终建议拔除患牙。作者认为,即便因为出现并发症而不能留存患牙,但得到修复的骨缺损有利于后期的美学修复或种植治疗,因此意向性牙再植术仍是值得推荐的治疗或过渡方案。

Table 3. Summary of clinical indicators after PGG combined therapy in vitro

表3. PGG体外联合治疗术后随访的临床指标汇总

注:GTR为牙周组织再生术;GBR为引导性骨组织再生术;PRF为富血小板纤维蛋白;PD为牙周探诊深度;“-”表示无数据。

3.3. PGG联合治疗的最新进展

PGG的治疗难点是采用修复材料将沟裂严密封闭,隔绝畸形沟与牙周、髓腔的交通,并恢复接触区下的根面轮廓。目前,畸形沟表面的充填材料包括玻璃离子聚合物 [20] [28]、光固化复合树脂 [3]、Biodentine [17]、无机三氧化物聚合物(mineral trioxide aggregate, MTA) [29]、纳米生物活性材料(如iRoot BP plus) [18] 等。在手术的愈合过程中,上皮及结缔组织可附着在材料表面,从而形成新的“附着再生” [31]。但不同材料的生物相容性与机械性能差异颇大,因此采用何种材料、何种方法进行畸形沟封闭一直是学者们研究的中心。Yan等 [18] 于2019年运用“2段法”(PGG冠部充填流动树脂材料、根部充填生物陶瓷材料iRoot BP plus)修复PGG后行意向性牙再植,术后15个月复查,CBCT显示根尖周组织基本恢复正常。作者认为,PGG的冠部采用流动树脂封闭,其凝固时间短、密封性好、美学特性佳,同时有利于长结合上皮的重新附着并形成良好的根面过渡;而PGG根部运用生物相容性更佳的iRoot BP密封则更利于诱导牙周组织的再生。

此外,还有学者尝试在进行意向性牙再植时将修整后的患牙旋转180度后再次植入,并行树脂贴面修复。术后3个月复诊,患者无任何不适症状,无牙周深袋。术后1年复查,X线片显示,根尖周低密度影消失,骨缺损区域有骨沉积 [58]。此类方法的优势在于通过旋转牙齿后再植,原本健康侧剩余的牙周膜能够迅速发生再附着,进而促进牙周组织再生;而PGG侧旋转后由于没有细菌与骨缺损,其牙周组织可显示出充分的骨愈合并且牙槽骨高度得以恢复。此种方法目前报道相对较少,其有效性与长期稳定性仍值得继续探索。

4. 小结

综上,根据目前已有的临床证据,PGG患牙的治疗方法尚无统一标准,尤其是对II型及以上的PGG患牙并且存在严重牙周组织破坏时,主张在对症治疗的基础上联合采用牙周手术治疗(翻瓣术、引导组织再生术、植骨术)以及意向性牙再植术等多学科综合治疗,可获得较好的临床预后。同时术后需进行定期随访和牙周维护治疗,及时发现并解决牙体变色、牙龈退缩、牙根吸收等并发症状,以利于患牙的长期留存。因现有的多数报告观察时间较短,且缺乏两类联合治疗的疗效对比分析。因此需要更多的长期随访研究来进一步确定联合治疗的长期稳定性,并亟需高质量的随机对照临床研究验证不同治疗方案的有效性。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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